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OrganHisto Exam Two > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the respiratory function of the respiratory system?

A

Oxygen and CO2 exchange

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2
Q

What functions make up the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

A

Olfaction, phonation, provide defense, condition air

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3
Q

What are the three tiers of the respiratory system?

A

Large, medium, and small particle filters

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4
Q

What is an example of something that can get stuck in the large particle filter of the respiratory system?

A

Bug

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5
Q

What are examples of things that can get stuck in the medium particle filter of the respiratory system?

A

Dust, pollen

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6
Q

What are examples of things that can get stuck in the small particle filter?

A

Bacteria and viruses

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7
Q

What surface epithelium makes up the nasal vestibule?

A

Keratinized stratified squamous

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8
Q

What glands in the connective tissue can be found in the nasal vestibule?

A

Sebaceous and sweat glands

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9
Q

What supports the nasal vestibule?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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10
Q

What are the additional features seen in the nasal vestibule?

A

Vibrissae (nose hairs) = large particle filter

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11
Q

Where is the respiratory region of the nasal cavity located?

A

Between the limen nasi and superior and middle nasal concha

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12
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory portion of the nasal cavity?

A

Warm air
Clean air
Humidify air
Provide defense

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13
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the respiratory region of the nasal cavity?

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar (made of goblet cells, basal cells, and dilated columnar cells)

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14
Q

What cells is the mucociliary apparatus made of?

A

Goblet and ciliated columnar cells (medium particle filter)

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15
Q

What type of glands are found in the respiratory region of the nasal cavity?

A

Seromucus glands

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16
Q

What is the purpose of the mucus of the respiratory region of the nasal cavity?

A

Mucociliary clearance

Air humidity

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17
Q

In what layer are the glands of the respiratory region located?

A

Lamina propria

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18
Q

What are the serous products produced in the respiratory region of the nasal cavity?

A

Lysozymes, interferons, cytokines, air humidity

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19
Q

Lysozymes protect against what substances?

A

Bacteria

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20
Q

Interferons protect against what substances?

A

Viruses

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21
Q

What is the function of the cytokines in the respiratory region of the nasal cavity?

A

Recruit defensive cells

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22
Q

Where is the small particle filter of the respiratory system found?

A

Respiratory region (serous products)

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23
Q

Where is the large particle filter of the respiratory system found?

A

Nasal vestibule

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24
Q

Where can the middle particle filter of the respiratory system be found?

A

Mucociliary apparatus

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25
Q

What else can be found in the lamina propria?

A

Cavernous plexus - many large venules (usually partially filled)

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26
Q

What are the functions of the cavernous plexus?

A

Warm air
Humidify air
Provide defense

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27
Q

What is the support for the respiratory region of the nasal cavity?

A

Hyaline cartilage and bone

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28
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the olfactory region of the nasal cavity?

A

Olfactory epithelium with supporting and nasal cells, also olfactory neurons

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29
Q

What are the effects of increased blood flow on the venules?

A

Venules enlarge and lamina propria increases in size

Lumen size decreases and leads to a slight runny nose

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30
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A 
Oxygen and CO2 exchange
Olfaction
Phonation
Provide defense 
Condition air
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31
Q

How does increased blood flow affect oxygen levels in the nasal cavity?

A

Increases oxygen which leads to stimulation is seromucus glands which leads to a more intense runny nose

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32
Q

What kind of epithelium is seen in the paranasal sinuses?

A

Respiratory epithelium

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33
Q

Where are paranasal sinuses found?

A

In the ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal, and maxilla bones

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34
Q

How do the paranasal sinuses connect to the nasal cavity?

A

Sinal ostia

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35
Q

What is the lamina propria like of the paranasal sinuses?

A

Thin but has seromucus glands and is quite vascular

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36
Q

What is the potential problem with paranasal sinuses?

A

If small ostia are present, lamina propria can swell and the ostia can become blocked then a sinus infection can thrive

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37
Q

What kind of cells are the supporting cells of the olfactory region of the nasal cavity?

A

Columnar cells with microvilli

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38
Q

What kind of neurons are olfactory neurons?

A

Bipolar

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39
Q

Are olfactory axons myelinated?

A

No but have a layer of Schwann cells

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40
Q

What shape are the basal cells of the olfactory region?

A

Pyramidal

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41
Q

What glands produce a serous material to cleanse the olfactory cilia?

A

Olfactory “Bowman’s” glands

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42
Q

What structure provides support in the olfactory region of the nasal cavity?

A

Bone

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43
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the nasopharynx?

A

Respiratory epithelium with mucociliary clearance

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44
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the oropharynx?

A

Stratified squamous

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45
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the laryngopharynx?

A

Stratified squamous

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46
Q

What are the three parts of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

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47
Q

What part of the pharynx does not have tonsils?

A

Laryngopharynx

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48
Q

In what part of the pharynx do we see palatine and lingual tonsils?

A

Oropharynx

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49
Q

In what part of the pharynx do we see the pharyngeal tonsils?

A

Nasopharynx

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50
Q

What type of connective tissue makes up the lamina propria of the pharynx?

A

Loose connective tissue

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51
Q

What is another term for the submucosa of the pharynx?

A

Pharyngobasilar fascia

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52
Q

What is function of the pharyngobasilar fascia?

A

Added support

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53
Q

What is the pharyngobasilar fascia?

A

Collagen in periosteum of the basilar portion of the occiput blends into the wall of the pharynx

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54
Q

What kind of muscle makes up all of the muscularis externa?

A

Skeletal muscle

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55
Q

What is unique about the muscularis externa of the pharynx?

A

Reversed pattern of muscle layers

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56
Q

What is the reversed muscle pattern seen in the pharynx?

A

Inner longitudinal layer and outer circular muscle layer

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57
Q

Where else is the reversed muscular layer pattern seen besides the pharynx?

A

Ureters

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58
Q

What is another name for the adventitia of the pharynx?

A

Buccopharyngeal fascia

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59
Q

What is the buccopharyngeal fascia?

A

Epimysium of buccinator muscle blends into the adventitia of pharynx

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60
Q

What is the function of the adventitia of the pharynx?

A

Hold pharynx in place

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61
Q

Where is the larynx found?

A

Between the pharynx and trachea

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62
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the upper surface of the larynx?

A

Stratified squamous

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63
Q

What makes up the lamina propria of the larynx?

A

Loose connective tissue with seromucus glands

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64
Q

What are the functions of the cartilage of the larynx?

A

Maintain an open airway

Aid in sound production (along with skeletal muscle)

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65
Q

What are the two types of cartilage seen in the larynx?

A

Hyaline and elastic

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66
Q

What is a good classic example of elastic cartilage of the larynx?

A

Epiglottis

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67
Q

What are the hyaline cartilages of the larynx?

A

Thyroid, cricoid, and inferior arytenoid cartilages

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68
Q

What are the elastic cartilages of the larynx?

A

Epiglottis, cuneiform, corniculate, and superior arytenoid cartilages

69
Q

What is the function of the epiglottis?

A

Keep food and liquid out of the larynx

70
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the upper surface of the epiglottis?

A

Stratified squamous

71
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the lower part of the epiglottis?

A

Transitions into respiratory epithelium

72
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the vestibular folds?

A

Respiratory epithelium

73
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the laryngeal ventricle?

A

Stratified squamous

74
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the vocal folds?

A

Stratified squamous

75
Q

Where is the vocalis muscle located?

A

Deep to the mucosa

76
Q

What kind of muscle fibers are seen with the vocalis muscle?

A

Striated

77
Q

What is the function of the vocalis muscle?

A

Adduct to narrow rima glottidis to allow entrance to vibrate vocal folds to produce phonation

78
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the trachea?

A

Respiratory

79
Q

What is the function of the brush cells of the trachea?

A

Maybe chemosensory

80
Q

What is the function of the serous cells of the trachea?

A

Secretion of a product into lumen but the serous product is unknown

81
Q

Do we see a muscularis mucosa in the trachea?

A

No (nowhere in the respiratory system)

82
Q

What layer of the trachea has the hyaline cartilage C ring?

A

Submucosa

83
Q

What makes up the muscularis externa of the trachea?

A

Modified by individual trachealis muscles

84
Q

What type of muscles are the trachealis muscles?

A

Smooth

85
Q

What layer anchors the trachea?

A

Adventitia (connective tissue)

86
Q

The extrapulmonary bronchi are similar to what other respiratory structure?

A

Trachea

87
Q

What are the structural trends of the bronchi?

A

Decrease in amount of cartilage, numbers of glands, number of goblet cells, and height of epithelium

88
Q

What kinds of structures increase in the bronchi?

A

Smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue

89
Q

What are the extrapulmonary bronchi?

A

Primary bronchi

90
Q

What are the intrapulmonary bronchi?

A

Secondary and tertiary bronchi

91
Q

What is the size of bronchioles?

A

Less than 1mm

92
Q

What is the epithelium type of bronchioles?

A

Ciliated columnar with some goblets and Clara cells

93
Q

What is the only location of Clara cells?

A

Bronchioles

94
Q

Bronchioles are characterized by the absence of what kind of tissues and structures?

A

Cartilage, seromucus glands

95
Q

What is unique about the smooth muscle in bronchioles?

A

Complete layer

96
Q

What are the secretory cells in the surface epithelium of the bronchioles?

A

Clara cells

97
Q

What are the functions of the Clara cells of the bronchioles?

A

Secrete product to protect epithelium
Produce enzymes which degrade toxins
Regenerate bronchiolar epithelium
Secrete lysozyme and produce a surfactant-type material

98
Q

What is the last part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

A

Terminal bronchioles

99
Q

What is the epithelium of terminal bronchioles?

A

Ciliated simple columnar/cuboidal with Clara cells

100
Q

What makes up the lamina propria of terminal bronchioles?

A

Fibroelastic connective tissue

101
Q

What is the muscle portion of the terminal bronchioles?

A

1-2 layers of smooth muscle

102
Q

What is the first part of the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?

A

Respiratory bronchioles

103
Q

What is the structure of the respiratory bronchioles?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium with Clara’s and some cilia in places

104
Q

What makes respiratory bronchioles different from terminal bronchioles?

A

Some simple squamous epithelium making some gas exchange possible in the respiratory bronchioles

105
Q

Which cell type acts as the stem cell for bronchiolar epithelial cells?

A

Clara cells

106
Q

What are the functions of Clara cells?

A

Secrete product to protect epithelium
Produce enzymes to degrade toxins
Regenerate bronchiolar epithelium
Secrete lysozyme and produce surfactant-like material

107
Q

What is the general function of the alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and the alveoli?

A

Gas exchange

108
Q

What type of gap junctions are found between the alveolar type I cells?

A

Zonula occludens

109
Q

What type of alveolar cell makes up 95% of the alveolar surface?

A

Alveolar type I

110
Q

What type of alveolar cell can play a role in respiratory distress syndrome?

A

Alveolar type II

111
Q

What is another name for both alveolar type I and alveolar type II cells?

A

Type I and type II pneumocytes

112
Q

Which type of alveolar cell is the last to be fully functional in a developing fetus?

A

Alveolar type II

113
Q

What is the cell shape of alveolar type II cells?

A

Cuboidal

114
Q

What are the general functions of alveolar type II cells?

A

Produce pulmonary surfactant
Stem cell for alveolar type I and II
Produce lysozymes

115
Q

What is the general function of alveolar type I cells?

A

Gas exchange

116
Q

Which type of alveolar cell produces surfactant?

A

Alveolar type II

117
Q

Alveolar macrophages are derived from what cells?

A

Monocytes

118
Q

What are the general functions of alveolar macrophages?

A

Clean septal walls using phagocytosis

Produce lysozymes

119
Q

Where is the interalveolar septum located?

A

Between two alveoli

120
Q

What are the parts of the interalveolar septum?

A

Continuous capillaries
Basal lamina
Small amount of connective tissue with MANY elastic fibers
Alveolar type I and type II cells

121
Q

What cell types are seen in the interalveolar septum?

A

Fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and mast cells

122
Q

What is the region where oxygen and carbon dioxide pass between the air and the blood?

A

Blood-Gas barrier

123
Q

What are the parts (in order) of the blood-gas barrier?

A

Pulmonary surfactant
Alveolar type I
Fused basal lamina
Endothelial cells

124
Q

The fused basal lamina of the blood-gas barrier is between what cell types?

A

Alveolar type I and endothelial cells in capillaries

125
Q

What provides the most efficient gas exchange?

A

Minimum diffusion barrier

126
Q

What provides fibers that relax bronchial smooth muscle to lead to bronchiodilation?

A

Thoracic sympathetic chain ganglia

127
Q

Sympathetic fibers also have an constrictive effect on what layer of the pulmonary blood vessels?

A

Tunica media (smooth muscle)

128
Q

What provides fibers that contract bronchial smooth muscle to lead to bronchoconstriction?

A

Vagus nerve (parasympathetic fibers)

129
Q

Stimulation of what part of the autonomic nervous system results in bronchial relaxation and bronchiodilation?

A

Sympathetic

130
Q

Stimulation of what part of the autonomic nervous system results in bronchial contraction and bronchioconstriction?

A

Parasympathetic

131
Q

Which type of alveolar cells appear to synapse with nerve fibers?

A

Type II

132
Q

Since alveolar type II cells appear to synapse with nerve fibers, production of what substance could be under neural influence?

A

Pulmonary surfactant

133
Q

Why is increased mucus production a result from chronic exposure to irritants of the upper respiratory tract?

A

Number of goblet cells increased during metaplasia

134
Q

Why is increased fluid production a result from chronic exposure to irritants of the upper respiratory tract?

A

Seromucus glands increase in size

135
Q

Why does congestion increase as a result from chronic exposure to irritants of the upper respiratory tract?

A

Decreased cilia due to damage, ciliated columnar cell numbers decrease

136
Q

How does the surface epithelium change during chronic exposure to irritants and coughing in the upper respiratory tract?

A

Change from respiratory epithelium to stratified squamous (metaplasia)

137
Q

What is another name for respiratory distress syndrome?

A

Hyaline membrane disease

138
Q

What is the cause of RDS in newborns?

A

Too few mature and functioning alveolar type II cells

Not enough surfactant

139
Q

How is elastin affected by emphysema?

A

Decreased (therefore decrease in alveolar elasticity)

140
Q

How is the surface area for gas exchange affected by emphysema?

A

Decreased

141
Q

Is emphysema reversible?

A

NO

142
Q

What can cause emphysema?

A

Inflammation from irritants, infections, smoking

Genetic condition

143
Q

What is the mechanism of action of inflammation-induced emphysema?

A

Macrophages and neutrophils are attracted to the area and secrete elastase which destroys elastic fibers

144
Q

What is the mechanism of action for the genetic condition that causes emphysema?

A

Hepatocytes produce but cannot release alpha-antitrypsin which is a natural protector of elastic fibers in the lungs; therefore, elastic fibers are destroyed

145
Q

What is the genetic pattern of the condition that can cause emphysema?

A

Autosomal dominant: if heterozygous, affected somewhat; if homozygous, affected greatly

146
Q

What provides fibers that relax bronchial smooth muscle to lead to bronchiodilation?

A

Thoracic sympathetic chain ganglia

147
Q

Sympathetic fibers also have an constrictive effect on what layer of the pulmonary blood vessels?

A

Tunica media (smooth muscle)

148
Q

What provides fibers that contract bronchial smooth muscle to lead to bronchoconstriction?

A

Vagus nerve (parasympathetic fibers)

149
Q

Stimulation of what part of the autonomic nervous system results in bronchial relaxation and bronchiodilation?

A

Sympathetic

150
Q

Stimulation of what part of the autonomic nervous system results in bronchial constriction and bronchioconstriction?

A

Parasympathetic

151
Q

Which type of alveolar cells appear to synapse with nerve fibers?

A

Type II

152
Q

Since alveolar type II cells appear to synapse with nerve fibers, production of what substance could be under neural influence?

A

Pulmonary surfactant

153
Q

Why is increased mucus production a result from chronic exposure to irritants of the upper respiratory tract?

A

Number of goblet cells increased during metaplasia

154
Q

Why is increased fluid production a result from chronic exposure to irritants of the upper respiratory tract?

A

Seromucus glands increase in size

155
Q

Why does congestion increase as a result from chronic exposure to irritants of the upper respiratory tract?

A

Decreased cilia due to damage

156
Q

How does the surface epithelium change during chronic exposure to irritants in the upper respiratory tract?

A

Change from respiratory epithelium to stratified squamous

157
Q

What is another name for respiratory distress syndrome?

A

Hyaline membrane disease

158
Q

What is the cause of RDS in newborns?

A

Too few mature and functioning alveolar type II cells

Not enough surfactant

159
Q

How is elastin affected by emphysema?

A

Decreased (therefore decrease in alveolar elasticity)

160
Q

How is the surface area for gas exchange affected by emphysema?

A

Decreased

161
Q

Is emphysema reversible?

A

NO

162
Q

What can cause emphysema?

A

Inflammation from irritants, infections, smoking

Genetic condition

163
Q

What is the mechanism of action of inflammation-induced emphysema?

A

Macrophages and neutrophils are attracted to the area and secrete elastase which destroys elastic fibers

164
Q

What is the mechanism of action for the genetic condition that causes emphysema?

A

Hepatocytes produce but cannot release alpha-AT which is a natural protector of elastic fibers in the lungs; therefore, elastic fibers are destroyed

165
Q

What is the genetic pattern of the condition that can cause emphysema?

A

Autosomal dominant: if heterozygous, affected somewhat; if homozygous, affected greatly

166
Q

What are the two treatments for RDS?

A

Artificial surfactant or gluticosteroids to induce surfactant production

167
Q

What is the function of alpha 1-antitrypsin?

A

Protects elastic fibers in the respiratory system

168
Q

What produces alpha 1-antitrypsin?

A

Hepatocytes in the liver

169
Q

How does cigarette smoke affect alpha 1-antitrypsin?

A

Free radicals inactivate it

OrganHisto Exam Two (5 decks)

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