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OrganHisto Exam Two > Kidneys > Flashcards

Kidneys Flashcards

1
Q

What is the location of the widening of the ureter?

A

Renal pelvis

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2
Q

What is the tip of each renal pyramid?

A

Renal papillae

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3
Q

The renal sinus contains portions of what type of tissue?

A

Adipose

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4
Q

What are the two general functioning regions of parenchyma of the kidneys?

A

Cortex and medulla

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5
Q

Medullary rays consist of what structures?

A

Loop of henle and collecting tubules (mostly in medulla though)

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6
Q

The medullary rays extend in what areas?

A

From medulla to cortex

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7
Q

What is contained in the cortex of the kidney?

A

Renal corpuscles, medullary rays, tubules

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8
Q

What is contained in the medulla of the kidney?

A

Renal pyramids and columns

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9
Q

How many renal pyramids are there per kidney?

A

8-12

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10
Q

What are the structures separating the renal pyramids?

A

Renal columns

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11
Q

How many major calyces are there per kidney?

A

2-3

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12
Q

Each kidney has how many nephrons?

A

About 1 million

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13
Q

What is the general function of the renal corpuscle?

A

Blood filtration

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14
Q

What are the two major parts of the renal corpuscle?

A

Bowman’s capsule, glomerulus

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15
Q

What makes up the parietal layer of the Bowman’s capsule?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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16
Q

What makes up the visceral layer of the Bowman’s capsule?

A

Internal layer of podocytes

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17
Q

What is the space between the parietal and visceral layers of the Bowman’s capsule?

A

Urinary (capsular) space

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18
Q

What is the function of the urinary space of the Bowman’s capsule?

A

Receives filtered fluid from capillaries

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19
Q

Podocytes contain what structures that cover the glomerular capillaries creating filtration slits?

A

Pedicels

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20
Q

What is the structure of the glomerulus?

A

Fenestrated capillary network with a basement membrane

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21
Q

Where is the glomerulus located?

A

Between two arterioles

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22
Q

Why is it significant that the glomerulus is located in between two arterioles?

A

Tunica media is able to increase pressure to enhance filtration

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23
Q

What are mesangial cells?

A

Special cells found in renal corpuscles often present in areas lacking podocytes

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24
Q

What type of connective tissue makes up the capsule of the kidney?

A

Dense irregular

25
Q

What are the function of mesangial cells?

A

Capillary support
Adjust capillary pressure for good filtration
Phagocytosis of interfering materials
Secrete various cytokines

26
Q

What is the epithelium of the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT)?

A

Simple cuboidal with long microvilli

27
Q

What is the location of the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT)?

A

Cortex of kidney

28
Q

What are the functions of the proximal convoluted tubules?

A

Reabsorption of nutrients, proteins, water, and electrolytes (actively and passively)
Secretion of organic molecules like H+, ammonia, bile salts, and some drugs

29
Q

What are the three part of a renal corpuscle?

A

Bowman’s capsule, glomerulus, mesangial cells

30
Q

What makes up the Loop of Henle?

A

Thin limbs and thick ascending limbs

31
Q

What is the epithelium of the thin limbs of the Loop of Henle?

A

Simple squamous

32
Q

What is the location for the thin limbs of the Loop of Henle?

A

Medulla

33
Q

What is the function of the thin limbs of the Loop of Henle?

A

Reabsorb Na+ and Cl- passively

34
Q

What is the epithelium of the thick ascending limb of the Loop of Henle?

A

Simple cuboidal (no microvilli)

35
Q

What is the location of the thick ascending limb of the Loop of Henle?

A

Medulla and medullary rays

36
Q

What is the function of the thick ascending limb of the Loop of Henle?

A

Reabsorb electrolytes (actively)

37
Q

What is the epithelium of the distal convoluted tubule (DCT)?

A

Simple cuboidal

38
Q

What is the location of the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Cortex

39
Q

What is the function of the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Reabsorb electrolytes

40
Q

What is the macula densa?

A

Special part of DCT at the vascular pole containing closely packed columnar cells

41
Q

The macula densa is a part of what structure?

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)

42
Q

What is the general function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)?

A

Regulate glomerular blood flow and glomerular filtrate

43
Q

Which tubule has a shorter length?

A

Connecting tubule

44
Q

What is the epithelium of the connecting tubule?

A

Simple squamous to simple cuboidal

45
Q

What is the function of the connecting tubule?

A

Connect nephrons to collecting ducts

46
Q

Are the collecting ducts a part of the nephron?

A

NO

47
Q

What are the parts of the nephron?

A

Renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, connecting tubule

48
Q

What is the epithelium of the collecting ducts?

A

Simple cuboidal to simple columnar

49
Q

What are the two cells types seen in the collecting ducts?

A

Principle cells and intercalated cells

50
Q

What are the two other names for the principle cells?

A

Light cells = collecting duct cells

51
Q

What is the most common cell type of the collecting ducts?

A

Principle cells

52
Q

What is the location of the principle cells?

A

Medullary rays and medulla

53
Q

What is the function of the principle cells?

A

Influence water and electrolyte movement

Influence K+ secretion

54
Q

What is another name for the intercalated cells?

A

Dark cells

55
Q

What is the location of the intercalated cells?

A

Medullary rays

56
Q

What is the function of the intercalated cells?

A

Secretion of H+ or HCO3- to maintain pH balance

57
Q

There are no intercalated cells by what renal structures?

A

Renal papillae

58
Q

What is the course of structures after the collecting ducts?

A

Papillary ducts that lead to a renal papillae then finally to a minor calyx

OrganHisto Exam Two (5 decks)

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