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OrganHisto Exam Two > Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

The tunica media is a continuation of what layer of the heart?

A

Myocardium

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2
Q

The tunica adventitia is a continuation of what layer of the heart?

A

Epicardium (visceral pericardium)

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3
Q

What are three categories of arteries?

A

Elastic, muscular, and arterioles

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4
Q

What is another name for elastic arteries?

A

Conducting arteries

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5
Q

What is the tunica intima structure of elastic arteries?

A

Attenuated endothelium
Thin/incomplete internal elastic lamina
Thicker connective tissue with elastic fibers, collagen type I, fibroblasts, and smooth muscle

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6
Q

What is the tunica media structure of elastic arteries?

A

Fenestrated sheets of elastic fibers with some collagen type I and smooth muscle
Thin external elastic lamina is possible
Outer portion typically contains vasa vasorum

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7
Q

What is vasa vasorum?

A

Small blood vessels supplying the large blood vessel

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8
Q

What is the tunica adventitia structure of elastic arteries?

A

Loose fibroelastic connective tissue

Numerous vasa vasorum

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9
Q

What is the thickest/most dominant layer of an elastic artery?

A

Tunica media

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10
Q

What is another term for muscular arteries?

A

Distributing arteries

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11
Q

What is the tunica intima structure in muscular arteries?

A

Endothelium
Very thin
Some connective tissue (few smooth muscle cells possible)
Internal elastic lamina

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12
Q

What type of artery has a uniquely thin tunica intima?

A

Muscular arteries

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13
Q

What is the tunica media structure of muscular arteries?

A

Circular smooth muscle
Gap junctions between smooth muscle cells
Elastic and reticular fibers, chondroitin sulfate
External elastic lamina possible
Richly innervated with sympathetics (strong contraction over a small area)

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14
Q

What is the thickest and most dominant layer of the muscular artery?

A

Tunica media

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15
Q

What is the tunica adventitia structure of muscular arteries?

A

Fibroelastic connective tissue with sulfated GAGs
Fibroblasts
Vasa vasorum present

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16
Q

What is the tunica media of muscular arteries primarily made of?

A

Smooth muscle

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17
Q

What are the smallest arteries?

A

Arterioles

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18
Q

Overall, arterioles are very structurally similar to what kind of artery?

A

Muscular

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19
Q

What is the tunica adventitia of arterioles primarily made of?

A

Connective tissue

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20
Q

What is the tunica media of arterioles primarily made of?

A

Smooth muscle

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21
Q

What is significant about the lumen size of arterioles?

A

Usually about the same width as the vessel wall

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22
Q

Is the tunica media the thickest and most dominant layer of all types of arteries?

A

Yes

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23
Q

What type of artery has the most developed internal elastic lamina?

A

Muscular artery

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24
Q

Which is the thinnest of the major luminal wall layers in arteries?

A

Tunica intima

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25
Q

What effect does aging have on elastic arteries?

A

Width increases into your 20s

Number of elastic laminae increase in the tunica media

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26
Q

What effect does aging have on muscular arteries?

A

Collagen and proteoglycans increase after middle age so there is a decrease in flexibility

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27
Q

Which specific muscular arteries are largely affected by aging leading to decreased flexibility?

A

Coronary arteries

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28
Q

What is the artery-based reason for increased systolic blood pressure around the age of 50?

A

Decreased elastic fibers and increased collagen type I

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29
Q

What arteries are usually affected by arteriosclerosis?

A

The largest ones

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30
Q

What happens to the tunica intima during arteriosclerosis?

A

Becomes infiltrated with soft lipid causing lumen diameter to decrease

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31
Q

What happens to the tunica media during arteriosclerosis?

A

Accumulation of collagen type I and sulfated GAGs

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32
Q

The tunica intima is a continuation of what layer of the heart?

A

Endocardium

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33
Q

What part of the artery increases in width and results in a decreased lumen size during atherosclerosis?

A

Tunica intima

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34
Q

What is a short terminal arteriole branch that lacks a true tunica media?

A

Metarteriole

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35
Q

Metarterioles lead to what other vessels?

A

Capillaries and a thoroughfare channel that leads to venules

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36
Q

What structures control blood flow into the capillaries?

A

Pre-capillary sphincters

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37
Q

What is the purpose of pre-capillary sphincters?

A

Allow blood to pulse through true capillaries

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38
Q

Where are metarterioles found?

A

In all capillary beds

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39
Q

How are the vessel walls different in the arteriovenous anastomoses?

A

Thicker tunica media and tunica adventitia

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40
Q

What innervates the AVA?

A

Many ANS nerves (sympathetic and parasympathetic)

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41
Q

What is the function of the arteriovenous anastomoses?

A

To control the lumen size and therefore the amount of blood in the capillaries

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42
Q

What are the major locations of AVAs?

A

Skin and stomach (also erectile tissues)

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43
Q

What is the activity of the AVA when blood flow into the capillary bed is normal?

A

AVA is “closed”

44
Q

What is the activity of the AVA when most of the blood bypasses the capillary bed?

A

AVA is opened

45
Q

What is the activity of AVAs when less blood is being sent to erectile tissue capillaries?

A

AVA is “open”

46
Q

What is the activity of the AVAs when blood is sent into erectile tissue capillaries?

A

AVAs are closed

47
Q

What things control/influence blood flow into capillaries?

A

Metarterioles, AVAs, lumen size of terminal arteriole, pre capillary sphincters

48
Q

What cells make up the general capillary structure?

A

Single layer of flattened endothelial cells

49
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

Movement of large molecules

50
Q

What is the function of pinocytotic vesicles seen with capillaries?

A

Form transient channels through cytoplasm to allow transfer of large molecules

51
Q

What cell junctions are located between the endothelial cells of capillaries?

A

Fasciae occludens (discontinuous attachment)

52
Q

What are the functions of the cell junctions of capillaries?

A

Exchange of macromolecules, allow cell movement

53
Q

What is the most common capillary type?

A

Continuous capillaries

54
Q

Where can continuous capillaries be found?

A

Muscle, connective tissue, many organs

55
Q

Pericytes are considered to be what kind of cell?

A

Residual mesenchyme cells

56
Q

Pericytes are numerous on what kinds of vessels?

A

Capillaries and venules

57
Q

What can pericytes secrete?

A

Basement membrane and matrix (ECM) components

58
Q

What cell types can pericytes change into?

A

Smooth muscle, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts

59
Q

Do pericytes have the ability to divide?

A

Yes

60
Q

What are the two functions of pericytes?

A

Healing and possibly regulating blood flow too

61
Q

Where are fenestrated capillaries located?

A

Pancreas, intestines, endocrine organs, kidneys

62
Q

What is the structure of fenestrated capillaries?

A

Pores with thin protein diaphragm containing 8 fibrils

63
Q

What is the function of fenestrated capillaries?

A

To allow greater movement of molecules and cells

64
Q

What are the locations of sinusoidal capillaries?

A

Bone marrow, liver, spleen, lymphatic organs, and certain endocrine organs

65
Q

What is the structure of sinusoidal capillaries?

A

Enlarged diameter, many large fenestrae with no protein diaphragm

66
Q

Which has no protein diaphragm: fenestrated or sinusoidal capillaries?

A

Sinusoidal capillaries

67
Q

Which lacks a true tunica media: metarterioles or AVAs?

A

Metarterioles

68
Q

Which has a thicker tunica media and tunica adventitia: metarticles or AVAs?

A

AVAs

69
Q

Which cell type, with reparative potential, is found exterior to the capillaries?

A

Pericytes

70
Q

How are veins similar to arteries?

A

Also have three tunics

71
Q

How are veins different than arteries?

A

Not as uniform in structure, often larger in diameter, higher number

72
Q

What is the structure of the valves of veins?

A

Two flaps of tunica intima and fibroelastic connective tissue

73
Q

What are the functions of the valves of veins?

A

Protection by preventing back-flow, works with skeletal muscle to keep blood moving

74
Q

What type of venules is the smallest and has the thinnest walls?

A

Postcapillary venules

75
Q

Which type of venule has the most pericytes?

A

Postcapillary venules

76
Q

What is unique about the layers of the postcapillary venules?

A

No tunica media nor tunica adventitia

77
Q

What makes up the tunica intima of postcapillary venules?

A

Endothelium, small amount of connective tissue, numerous pericytes

78
Q

What makes up the tunica intima of collecting venules?

A

Endothelium and small amounts of connective tissue

79
Q

What makes up the tunica adventitia of collecting venules?

A

Connective tissues, fibroblasts, some pericytes

80
Q

Is there a tunica media present in collecting venules?

A

No

81
Q

What is unique about the tunica media of muscular venules?

A

Incomplete smooth muscle layer

82
Q

What type of venules have the fewest pericytes in their tunica adventitia?

A

Muscular venules

83
Q

What is the effect of an incomplete tunica media in muscular venules?

A

Leaky venules due to inflammatory products leaking through endothelial cell junctions

84
Q

What is the difference between small veins and venules?

A

Small veins have a complete tunica media

85
Q

What is usually the thickest/most dominant layer in a vein?

A

Tunica adventitia

86
Q

Vasa vasorum is possible to be seen in what layer of medium veins?

A

Tunica adventitia

87
Q

What is different between the tunica intima of veins and muscular arteries?

A

Veins would not have an internal elastic lamina

88
Q

What is the structural exception involved with the superficial veins of the legs?

A

Tunica media is actually well-developed

89
Q

What are some examples of veins in the legs with well-developed tunica medias?

A

Great and lesser saphenous veins

90
Q

What is the structural exception involving pulmonary veins?

A

Well-developed tunica media, some cardiac muscle seen in the tunica adventitia near the heart

91
Q

What large and important veins also exhibit structural exceptions by having some cardiac muscle in the tunica adventitia near the heart?

A

Superior and inferior cavae

92
Q

What are the causes of varicose veins?

A
  1. Loss of skeletal muscle tone around the veins
  2. Degeneration of vessel wall
  3. Valve incompetence
93
Q

What are varicose veins?

A

Enlarged and winding superficial veins of the legs

94
Q

What are esophageal varices?

A

Varicose veins in the lower esophagus

95
Q

Esophageal varices are commonly seen among what group of people?

A

Alcoholics

96
Q

What is the cause of esophageal varices?

A

Portal hypertension

97
Q

What are hemorrhoids?

A

Varicose veins at the end of the anal canal

98
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A

Drain excess interstitial fluid
Transport lymph to lymph nodes
Transport lymph to blood stream

99
Q

What vascular structures do the lymphatic capillaries resemble?

A

Blood capillaries

100
Q

Which has no pericytes: blood or lymphatic capillaries?

A

Lymphatic capillaries

101
Q

What in the lymphatic capillaries allows for easy movement of materials into and out of the vessels that is different than blood capillaries?

A

Endothelial cells can overlap but create clefts between cells

102
Q

What structure is in the lymphatic capillaries that supports endothelial walls so they capillaries stay open?

A

Lymphatic anchoring filaments

103
Q

What kind of fibers make up the anchoring filaments of lymphatic capillaries?

A

Elastic

104
Q

What vascular structures do small lymphatic vessels resemble?

A

Venules

105
Q

The lymphatic ducts empty into the venous system at the junction of which veins?

A

Right internal jugular and subclavian veins

106
Q

What specific ducts are included in the lymphatic duct system?

A

Short right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct

107
Q

What is the pattern of the tunica media of the lymphatic ducts?

A

Regular: made of longitudinal and circular layers of smooth muscle

OrganHisto Exam Two (5 decks)

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