Respiratory System

Question 1

The Nasal Cavity- Provides an area for…- Stages of lining moving deeper…

Answer 1

• Warming, moistening and filtering inspired air- Keratinised stratified squamous epithelium > Loses keratin > pseudostratifiedciliatedcolumnar epithelium with goblet cells (respiratory epithelium) which lines the rest of the tract

Question 2

What is:- The structure shown- Indicated by arrows/numbers in the picture

Answer 2

• Respiratory Epithelium- As shown

Question 3

What is:- Shown in the picture - S and M?- Highlighted by V?

Answer 3

• The lamina proporia is shown in the picture. S and M show seromucous glands.- A rich venous plexus within the lining of the nasal cavity

Question 4

The Larynx- Wall composition- Vocal folds and adjacent structures

Answer 4

• Cartilage and muscles with respiratory epithelium lining it- Covered with stratified squamous epithelium

Question 5

What is:- The structure shown- Highlighted by the arrows?- What type of cartilage is present?

Answer 5

• Trachea- As Shown- Hyaline cartilage

Question 6

What is:- The structure shown- Highlighted by the arrows

Answer 6

• Bronchi- As shown

Question 7

Bronchioles- Epithelium- Cartilage, glands and goblet cells?- Lamina proporia

Answer 7

• Decreases in height from columnar to cuboidal as it gets closer to the alveoli.- No cartilage or glands, but may be some goblet cells- Composed of smooth muscle and elastic and collagenous fibres. The smooth muscle responds to parasympathetic innervation and hormones.

Question 8

Terminal Bronchioles- Lined with- Clara cells- Respiratory bronchioles

Answer 8

• Cuboidal ciliated epithelial cells containing non-ciliated clara cells which stick above the surface.- Stem cells, detoxification, immune modulation and surfactant production.- Low cuboidal epithelium replaced by discontinuous squamous alveolar cells.

Question 9

Alveoli- Epithelium- Alveolar cells- Alveolar macrophages (dust cells)-

Answer 9

• Consists of two types. Type I is simple squamous and covers 90% of the surface. Provide minimal barrier permeable to gases. Type II are polygonal in shape and release surfactant, from lamellar bodies,which prevents the lungs from collapsing.- Are also known as pneumocytes