Nervous Tissue

Question 1

What is:- The cell shown (hint: glial cell)- The role of this cell

Answer 1

• Astrocyte- Maintains blood-brain barrier, and has a role in homeostasis

Question 2

What is:- The cell shown (hint: glial cell)- The role of that cell

Answer 2

• Oligodendrocyte- Produces myelin in the CNS

Question 3

What is:- The cell shown (hint: glial cell)- The role of that cell

Answer 3

• Microglia- Similar to macrophages. Immune monitoring and antigen presentation.

Question 4

What is:- The cell shown (hint: glial cell)- The role of that cell

Answer 4

• Ependymal cells- Lines cavities in the CNS, for example the ventricles. Note the cilia present.

Question 5

What is:- A ganglion/ganglia

Answer 5

• A group of neurons living outside of the CNS

Question 6

What is:- The cell body- The axon- The dendrite- The synapse

Answer 6

• Also called soma. Contains the nucleus and most of the organelles.- A long process which can travel long distances and is reponsible for transmitting data to other cells from the neuron.- Short, branched processes which provide sites for attachment of other axons from other nerve cells.- Specialised junctions between axons and other cells which allow communication.

Question 7

Nerve cell- Axon hillock

Answer 7

• A swelling in the cell body (soma). The axon arises from this and the action potentials arise here.

Question 8

Neuronal Classification- What are the 4 types of nerve cell based on shape?

Answer 8

• Unipolar, bipolar, pseudo-unipolar and multipolar.

Question 9

What is:- The focus of the image shown- Presence of golgi and RER compared to the axon?

Answer 9

• A nerve cell body- Abundant RER and golgi apparatus in the cell body, but not in the axon

Question 10

What is:- The image shown an example of?- The structures indicated by arrows?

Answer 10

• A typical neuron- As shown on the picture

Question 11

What is:- Displayed in the picture?

Answer 11

• Cortical Neurons

Question 12

What is:- Displayed in the image?- The structures indicated by arrows?

Question 13

Axonal Transport- What is it?- How does it work?- Types of axonal transport

Answer 13

• Energy consuming mechanism of moving material up and down the axon.- Molecular motors like kinesin use microtubules as a pathway to haul organelles and vesicles etc- Classified by speed. Fast can go away from the soma (called anterograde, @400mm/day) or towards the soma (called retrograde, @200mm/day). Slow is @

Question 14

Peripheral Nervous system- What does it consist of?- Includes elements of…

Answer 14

• 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves, and their branches. Also contains ganglia.- Both somatic and autonomic(visceral) nervous systems.

Question 15

Ganglia Comprise of:- Cell bodies- Support cells (satellite and schwann cells)- Axons- Connective tissue- Two types of nerve ganglia

Answer 15

• Large. Lots cytoplasm and nissl substance. Large nuclei.- Small cells surrouding the neuronal cell body- Axons- Loose fibrocollagenous- Can be distinguished based on differing morphology and function. Dorsal root ganglia and autonomic (smypathetic/parasympathetic)ganglia.

Question 16

What is:- The structure shown- The structures indicated with arrows- Synapses related to this structure

Answer 16

• Dorsal root ganglia- As shown- None

Question 17

What is:- The structure pictured- Highlighted by the arrows- Synapses present in this structure

Answer 17

• Autonomic Ganglion- As shown- Yes

Question 18

Peripheral Nerve- One nerve- Fibres can be either…- Peripheral nerve composed of:

Answer 18

• Thousands of axons bundled together- Afferent (sensory) or efferent (motor)- Axons (small unmyelinated, large myelinated), schwann cells, fibroblasts and blood vessels

Question 19

Peripheral Nerve Connective Tissue- Fascicle- Epineureum- Perineurium- Endoneurium

Answer 19

• Bundles of axons- Surrounds the whole nerve- Surrounds a fascicle- Surrounds fibres within a fascicle

Question 20

Unmyelinated Axons- Found where

Answer 20

• In clefts in the cytoplasm of schwann cells

Question 21

Myelin Sheaths (PNS shown)- PNS vs CNS- Nodes of ranvier

Answer 21

• In the PNS one schwann cell makes one layer for one axon. In the CNS one oligodendrocyte makes many layers for many axons.- Gaps in the myelin sheaths which allow signals to jump down the axon - saltatory conduction.

Question 22

What is:- Displayed in the picture

Answer 22

• Node of Ranvier

Question 23

Brain Matter- White matter- Grey matter

Answer 23

• Axons (mostly myelinated) and support cells- Lots of neurones, cell processes, synapses and support cells.

Question 24

What is:- Shown in the picture- Highlighted by arrows

Answer 24

• Spinal White Matter- As shown

Question 25

What is:- What is shown in the picture?- What is highlighted by the arrows?- Neuropil

Answer 25

• Spinal Grey Matter- As shown- Mat of neuronal and glial cell processes which occupies much of the grey matter

Question 26

What is:- Shown in the picture- Highlighted by the arrows

Answer 26

• Synapse- As shown

Question 27

Enteric Nervous System- Where is it found?- Where are the neurones found (mostly)?

Answer 27

• In the digestive system. Gets information from autonomic nervous system but can work without it.- In two plexuses. The myenteric plexus between two layers of smooth muscle and the submucosal plexus in the submucosa.