Respiratory System

Question 0

What is the equation for tidal volume

Answer 0

TV=VitalCapacity-InspiratoryReserveVolume-ExpiratoryReserveVolume

Question 1

What fuels does cellular respiration burn and what do these fuels generate

Answer 1

Cellular respiration is the process where oxygen is used to burn carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids. This generates carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

Question 2

What is IRV

Answer 2

Inspiratory reserve volume is the volume of air that can be inhaled past normal inspiration

Question 3

What is tidal volume

Answer 3

Air moved in or out of the lungs during quiet breathing (normal breathing)

Question 4

What is expiratory reserve volume

Answer 4

The volume of air that can be exhaled passed a normal expiration

Question 5

What is RV

Answer 5

Volume of air that remains in the lungs at all times

Question 6

What is IC

Answer 6

Inspiratory capacity= TV+IRV

The amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal expiration

Question 7

What is VC

Answer 7

Vital Capacity=TV+IRV+ERV

The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after maximum inhalation

Question 8

What is FRC

Answer 8

Functional residual capacity= ERV+RV

Volume of gas in the lung after a normal expiration (this includes residual volume)

Question 9

What is TLC

Answer 9

Total lung capacity=VC+RV

The total volume of air the lungs can hold

Question 10

What is FEV

Answer 10

Volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled in one second

Question 11

What is FVC

Answer 11

Forced vital capacity is the maximum amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after maximum inhalation

Question 12

What are the 2 main areas of cartilage in the larynx

Answer 12

The thyroid and the cricoid

They are made up of hyaline cartilage

Question 13

Name three sources of ATP that can be used during muscle contraction

Answer 13

Krebs cycle
Glycolysis
Creatine phosphate

Question 14

Name two actions of the sympathetic nervous system on the heart

Answer 14

Increased heart rate and contractility

decreased TPR

Question 15

Name the sections of the bronchial tree

Answer 15

L&R primary bronchi, secondary bronchi (R: R superior lobar bronchus, middle lobar bronchus, R inferior lobar bronchus L: L superior lobar bronchus and L inferior lobar bronchus) the lobar bronchi each branch into segmental(tertiary) bronchi, then into bronchioles and terminal bronchioles.

Question 16

The bronchioles branch into smaller sections where the gas exchange takes place. These divisions are

Answer 16

The respiratory bronchioles»alveoli»alveolar duct»alveolar sacs

Question 17

What makes up the respiratory membrane

Answer 17

1. Pulmonary surfactant (proteins and phospholipids»lowers surface tension)
2. Alveolar epithelium=squamous epithelial cells
3. Thin interstitial space b/n alveolar epithelium and the pulmonary capillary
4. Vascular endothelial cells of the capillary wall

Question 18

Describe/explain the muco-ciliary escalator

Answer 18

The epithelium in the primary bronchioles begins as pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells and changes to simple cuboidal in the terminal bronchioles. The ciliated epithelium serves to sweep inhaled particles out of the respiratory tract into the pharynx

Question 19

What are PAMs

Answer 19

Pulmonary alveolar macrophages. They assist in the removal of particulate matter; they’re phagocytic and ingest bacteria and small dust particles

Question 20

What are the 2 purposes of breathing

Answer 20

Control carbon dioxide and prevent a dangerous rise or fall of body fluid pH
Maintain oxygen levels to support oxidative phosphorylation

Question 21

What are the 3 components that control respiration

Answer 21

1. Neurons in the brain stem
2. Muscles of breathing (diaphragm external and intercostal muscles)
3. Sensors (chemoreceptors, proprioreceptors) covey feedback to the brain stem (if there’s too much carbon dioxide etc it will affect breathing)

Question 22

Respiratory distress syndrome

Answer 22

Lack of pulmonary surfactant and circulatory shock

Question 23

3 types of cells in the alveoli

Answer 23

1. P.A.M.S
2. Type 1 alveolar (alveolar simple squamous epith.)
3. Type 2 alveolar (secrete pulmonary surfactant.)

Question 24

What is the function of pulmonary surfactant and what is made of?

Answer 24

Surfactant is composed phospholipids and proteins. It essentially lubricates the lungs and lowers surface tension.

Question 25

What muscles are used in expiration?

Answer 25

The abdominal

wall muscle rectus abdominus, in and ex obliques and transversus abdominus

Question 26

What is ventilation-perfusion mismatch, and what are three causes?

Answer 26

1. hypoventilation-inadequate ventilation of the lungs
2. airway blockage and alveolar collapse (atelectasis)- inadequate ventilation of the lungs or parts of the lung
3. Adequate ventilation but in adequate blood flow (perfusion)-ie. pulmonary embolism

Question 27

What are the 5 types of cells in the lungs and their functions?

Answer 27

1. Ciliated cells: psuedostratified- in the trachea and bronchi. Simple Columnar- bronchioles
2. Goblet cells: secret mucous
3. Neuroendocrine cells: complex functions
4. Basal Cells: stem cells
5. Clara cells: secrete surfactant like material and lot and lots of other functions.

Question 28

What are the four stages of cellular respiration

Answer 28

Glycolysis
production of acetyl CoA, which donates a two carbon fragment to oxaloacetic acid in step three
Krebs or citric acid cycle
oxidative phosphorylation

Question 29

What cells secrete pulmonary surfactant

Answer 29

Type II alveolar cells