Respiratory System Flashcards
What is the equation for tidal volume
TV=VitalCapacity-InspiratoryReserveVolume-ExpiratoryReserveVolume
What fuels does cellular respiration burn and what do these fuels generate
Cellular respiration is the process where oxygen is used to burn carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids. This generates carbon dioxide, water, and ATP
What is IRV
Inspiratory reserve volume is the volume of air that can be inhaled past normal inspiration
What is tidal volume
Air moved in or out of the lungs during quiet breathing (normal breathing)
What is expiratory reserve volume
The volume of air that can be exhaled passed a normal expiration
What is RV
Volume of air that remains in the lungs at all times
What is IC
Inspiratory capacity= TV+IRV
The amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal expiration
What is VC
Vital Capacity=TV+IRV+ERV
The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after maximum inhalation
What is FRC
Functional residual capacity= ERV+RV
Volume of gas in the lung after a normal expiration (this includes residual volume)
What is TLC
Total lung capacity=VC+RV
The total volume of air the lungs can hold
What is FEV
Volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled in one second
What is FVC
Forced vital capacity is the maximum amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after maximum inhalation
What are the 2 main areas of cartilage in the larynx
The thyroid and the cricoid
They are made up of hyaline cartilage
Name three sources of ATP that can be used during muscle contraction
Krebs cycle
Glycolysis
Creatine phosphate
Name two actions of the sympathetic nervous system on the heart
Increased heart rate and contractility
decreased TPR
Name the sections of the bronchial tree
L&R primary bronchi, secondary bronchi (R: R superior lobar bronchus, middle lobar bronchus, R inferior lobar bronchus L: L superior lobar bronchus and L inferior lobar bronchus) the lobar bronchi each branch into segmental(tertiary) bronchi, then into bronchioles and terminal bronchioles.
The bronchioles branch into smaller sections where the gas exchange takes place. These divisions are
The respiratory bronchioles»alveoli»alveolar duct»alveolar sacs
What makes up the respiratory membrane
- Pulmonary surfactant (proteins and phospholipids»lowers surface tension)
- Alveolar epithelium=squamous epithelial cells
- Thin interstitial space b/n alveolar epithelium and the pulmonary capillary
- Vascular endothelial cells of the capillary wall
Describe/explain the muco-ciliary escalator
The epithelium in the primary bronchioles begins as pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells and changes to simple cuboidal in the terminal bronchioles. The ciliated epithelium serves to sweep inhaled particles out of the respiratory tract into the pharynx
What are PAMs
Pulmonary alveolar macrophages. They assist in the removal of particulate matter; they’re phagocytic and ingest bacteria and small dust particles
What are the 2 purposes of breathing
Control carbon dioxide and prevent a dangerous rise or fall of body fluid pH
Maintain oxygen levels to support oxidative phosphorylation
What are the 3 components that control respiration
- Neurons in the brain stem
- Muscles of breathing (diaphragm external and intercostal muscles)
- Sensors (chemoreceptors, proprioreceptors) covey feedback to the brain stem (if there’s too much carbon dioxide etc it will affect breathing)
Respiratory distress syndrome
Lack of pulmonary surfactant and circulatory shock
3 types of cells in the alveoli
- P.A.M.S
- Type 1 alveolar (alveolar simple squamous epith.)
- Type 2 alveolar (secrete pulmonary surfactant.)
What is the function of pulmonary surfactant and what is made of?
Surfactant is composed phospholipids and proteins. It essentially lubricates the lungs and lowers surface tension.
What muscles are used in expiration?
The abdominal
wall muscle rectus abdominus, in and ex obliques and transversus abdominus
What is ventilation-perfusion mismatch, and what are three causes?
- hypoventilation-inadequate ventilation of the lungs
- airway blockage and alveolar collapse (atelectasis)- inadequate ventilation of the lungs or parts of the lung
- Adequate ventilation but in adequate blood flow (perfusion)-ie. pulmonary embolism
What are the 5 types of cells in the lungs and their functions?
- Ciliated cells: psuedostratified- in the trachea and bronchi. Simple Columnar- bronchioles
- Goblet cells: secret mucous
- Neuroendocrine cells: complex functions
- Basal Cells: stem cells
- Clara cells: secrete surfactant like material and lot and lots of other functions.
What are the four stages of cellular respiration
Glycolysis
production of acetyl CoA, which donates a two carbon fragment to oxaloacetic acid in step three
Krebs or citric acid cycle
oxidative phosphorylation
What cells secrete pulmonary surfactant
Type II alveolar cells
