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Bio 204 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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0
Q

Release of GnRH from the hypothalamus triggers the anterior pituitary to release the gonadotropins called

A

FSH and LH

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1
Q

Where is CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone) secreted?

A

Hypothalamus

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2
Q

Describe neural/synaptic communication

A

When the chemical messenger diffuses across the synaptic cleft

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3
Q

Describe endocrine communication

A

When the cells release their chemical messengers into the bloodstream

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4
Q

Describe paracrine communication

A

Occurs when the chemical messengers simply diffuse through the extracellular fluid to neighboring target cells

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5
Q

Describe autocrine communication

A

When a cell responds to the chemical messenger it secreted itself

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6
Q

What are the organs that have only endocrine function

A 
Pineal
Pituitary
parathyroid
thyroid
adrenals
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7
Q

List the organs that have endocrine function as well as their primary function. (Hint:AHKLOPPSSST)

A 
(A)dipose tissue
(H)ypothalamus
(H)eart
(K)idneys
(L)iver
(O)varies
(P)ancreas
(P)lacenta
(S)tomach
(S)mall intestine
(S)kin
(T)estes
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8
Q

What are the three main functions of the major hormones

A

Homeostasis
digestion and metabolism
reproduction growth and development

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9
Q

What are the five chemical classes of hormones

A

Steroids: derived from cholesterol; lipid-soluble
peptides and proteins: chains of amino acids; water-soluble
Amines: catecholamines; water-soluble and thyroid; lipid-soluble
Eicosanoids: lipid-soluble
Retinoids: lipid-soluble

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10
Q

What kind of receptor does a lipid-soluble hormone bind to

A

Intercellular (p.40 lab)

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11
Q

What kind of receptor does a water soluble hormone bind to

A

Cell-surface (p. 41 lab)

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12
Q

What are the three factors that regulate hormone secretion

A
  1. other hormones
  2. neural mechanisms
  3. other substances (such as glucose or calcium ions dissolved in the blood)
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13
Q

Name the hormones released by the hypothalamus

A 
Corticotropin-releasing hormone(CRH)
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Somatostatin
growth hormone releasing hormone (GRH)
prolactin release inhibiting factor (PIH)
prolactin releasing factor (PRH)
thyrotropin releasing hormone(TRH)

Anti diuretic hormone and oxytocin are synthesized here

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14
Q

Name the hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary

A 
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin
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15
Q

List the six hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary (HINT: FLAT PG)

A 
F)ollicle-stimulating hormone
L)uteinizing hormone 
A)drenocorticotropic hormone 
T)hyroid stimulating hormone 
P)rolactin  
G)rowth hormone
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16
Q

Name the hormones secreted by the thyroid gland

A

Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine
Calcitonin

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17
Q

Name the hormone secreted by the parathyroid gland

A

Parathyroid hormone

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18
Q

List the hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

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19
Q

Name the hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex

A 
Cortisol (a mineralocorticoid; glomerulosa)
Aldostersone (a glucocorticoid; fasciculata)
Androgenic steroids (reticular is)

Norepinephrine (medulla/in middle)
Epinephrine (medulla/in middle)

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20
Q

Name the hormones secreted by the pineal gland

A

Melatonin

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21
Q

Name the hormones secreted by the pancreas

A

Glucagon (alpha cells)
Insulin (beta cells)
Somatostatin (Delta cells)
Pancreatic polypeptide (F cells)

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22
Q

Name the hormones secreted by the tested

A

Androgen

Inhibit

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23
Q

Name the hormones secreted by the ovaries

A

Estrogen
Progesterone
Inhibin

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24
Q

The hormones secreted from the placenta

A 
Estrogen 
Progesterone 
Relaxin
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Human chorionic somatomammotropin
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25
Q

Name the hormones secreted by the kidneys

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Renin (an enzyme not a hormone!!)

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26
Q

Name the hormone secreted by the stomach

A

Gastrin

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27
Q

Name the hormones secreted by the small intestine

A

Secretin
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Gastric inhibitory peptide(GIP)

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28
Q

Name the hormones secreted by the liver

A

Somatomedin

Erythropoietin (EPO)

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29
Q

What does the skin secrete

A

Vitamin D3 (7-dehydrocholesterol)

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30
Q

What hormone does the heart secrete

A

Atrial natriuretic factor

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31
Q

What does adipose tissue secrete

A

Lepton

32
Q

What cells secrete parathyroid hormone

A

Chief cells

33
Q

Para follicular cells of the thyroid gland secrete___

A

Calcitonin

34
Q

Give examples of signalling molecules involved in neural/synaptic communication ( hint:sands)

A

s) erotonin
a) cetylcholine
n) orepinephrine
d) opamine
s) ubstance P

35
Q

Give examples of signalling molecules involved in endocrine communication (hint:patice)

A

p) rolactin
a) ldosterone
t) hyroxine
i) nsulin
c)ortisol
e) pinephrine

36
Q

Give examples of signalling molecules involved in paracrine communication

A 
(known as local hormones, paracrine hormones, local mediators, or local regulators)
histamine
prostaglandins
somatostatin
growth factors/cytokines
leukotrienes
37
Q

Give examples of signalling molecules involved in autocrine communication

A

prostaglandins and certain growth factors

38
Q

How do endocrine glands differ from exocrine glands

A

exocrine glands secrete outside of the body and usually their secretions travel through a tube or duct. Endocrine glands are hormone-secreting

39
Q

Give some examples of proteins and peptides

A

proteins:
insulin, GH, somatomedin, ACTH, LH, FSH, TSH
peptides:
TSH-releasing hormone, oxytocin, GnRH, Antidiuretic hormone, somatostatin

40
Q

How are protein hormones synthesized

A

start out as big, inactive molecules called (preprohormones and prohormones) and are then chopped up by enzymes

41
Q

How are proteins stored and released

A

They are stored in secretory granules and released by the process of exocytosis. Exocytosis is initiated by a rise in the concentration of Ca++ in the cytoplasm of the secreting cell.

42
Q

List all the amine hormones, and name the amino acid from which they are synthesized

A

thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), epinephrine, and norepinephrine. They are synthesized from tyrosine.

43
Q

How are catecholamines (norepinephrine and epinephrine) stored and released

A

They are stored in cells as secretory granules and released by exocytosis

44
Q

What substance is the starting point for synthesis of all the steroid hormones

A

Cholesterol

45
Q

List 5 or more steroid hormones

A 
estrogens
androgens
progesterone
cortisol (adrenal cortex)
aldosterone (adrenal cortex)
46
Q

What substance is the starting point for synthesis of the eicosanoids

A

arachidonic acid

47
Q

Give examples of eicosanoids

A

thromboxanes
lipoxins
leukotrienes
prostaglandins

48
Q

what common substance inhibits the synthesis of eicosanoids

A

asprin

49
Q

Give an example of a retinoid, starting point for synthesis, and what physiological process is it involved in

A

retinoic acid
starting point is retinol
vertebrae development

50
Q

List the classes of hormones that are lipid-soluble

A

steroid
amines
eicosanoids
retinoid

51
Q

list the classes of hormones that are water soluble

A

peptides and proteins

amines

52
Q

What types of cellular receptors are there for lipid soluble hormoness

A 
intracellular receptors
(however, estrogens, cortisol, and thyroid hormone can also have cell-surface receptors and can act non-genomically)
53
Q

Descibe the anatomy of the thyroid gland

A

The thyroid gland is located in front of the trachea and between the sternocleidomastoid muscles and below the laryx. It has a right and left lobe which are connected by the isthmus

54
Q

Describe the synthesis of thyroid hormone

A
  1. Thyroid hormones are synthesized from the glycoprotein thyroglubulin
  2. In the colloid, iodine atoms are first added to the tyrosine amino acids in the thyroglobulin peptide chain
  3. The iodinated thyroglobulin is further processed to form “mature thyroglobulin” which is stored as colloid in the follices
55
Q

Describe the release of thyroid hormone

A
  1. Thyroglobulin is endocytized by the follicular cells
  2. Lysosomal proteases carve out T3 & T4
  3. T3 & T4 in the ratio of 1:10 are transported in the blood by specific transport proteins
  4. T3 & T4 enter the target cells
  5. T3 & T4 then bind to intracellular receptor proteins. When activated by T3 & T4, these receptor proteins interact w/transcriptional enhancer elements found in the nuclear DNA. The transcriptional enhancers increase the rate of trascription and enhances gene expression
56
Q

Describe the action of thyroid hormone

A
  1. Increase the rate of many metabolic reactions
  2. increase the rate and force of cardiac contraction and enhances response of cardiac tissue to catecholamines
  3. Stimulate growth hormone secretion necessary for bone and nervous system development
57
Q

Describe the symptoms of hyperthyroidism

A 
weight loss
wide-eyed stare
rapid heart rate
tremor
loss of muscle mass
58
Q

Describe the cause of Grave’s disease and explain how it is treated

A

The body produces antibodies that bind to TSH receptors and mimic the effect of real TSH. This leads to the overproduction of thyroid hormone. Treatments: surgery, 131I, and drugs that block hormone synthesis

59
Q

Describe the symptoms of hypothyroidism in children

A

(cretinism)
retardation of growth
slowing of ossification
failure to develop central nervous system

60
Q

Describe the symptoms of hypothyroidism in adults

A

large weight gain
slow heartbeat
slowing of movement, speech, and thought

61
Q

What cells secrete calcitonin and what is the function of calcitonin

A

Calcitonin is secreted by the C-cells of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin lowers blood calcium

62
Q

What are the functions of calcium in t he body

A 
building of bones and teeth
contractoin of smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle
blood clotting
hormone secretion
neurotransmitter release
63
Q

What are consequences of hypoparathyroidism and how is it treated

A

(caused by damage or surgical removal)

lowers blood Ca++, causing muscle cramps, twitches, convulsions, and seizures

64
Q

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas

A

Acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes that pass into the duodenum and via the pancreatic ducts

65
Q

What is an anabolic process

A

The process of using smaller molecules to build larger ones

66
Q

What is the endocrine function of the pancreas

A

Alpha cells: secrete glucagon
Beta cells: secrete insulin
Delta cells: secrete somatostatin
PP cells: secrete pancreatic polypeptide

67
Q

What is the action of insulin on glucose

A

Promotes the synthesis of glycogen from glucose in inhibits it’s breakdown

68
Q

What is the effect of insulin on fatty acid

A

Remote synthesis of facts from fatty acid and inhibits their breakdown

69
Q

What is the effect of insulin on amino acids

A

Promotes synthesis of proteins from amino acids. Therefore insulin inhibits glyconeogenesis of the liver because it deprives the liver of amino acids

70
Q

What is the effect of glucose on insulin

A

Stimulates insulin secretion

71
Q

What is the effect of somatostatin on insulin

A

Somatostatin inhibits insulin secretion

72
Q

List the hormones of the gonads

A

Ovaries: estrogens, progesterone, inhibin
Testes: androgens, inhibin

73
Q

Describe the process of insulin secretion

A

When the glucose levels rise outside the Beta-cells, the glucose enters the cells via the GLUT2 transporter which leads to depolarization of the plasma membrane. This causes Calcium ions to enter the cells via the voltage-gated calcium channels. This rise of intracellular calcium ion concentration triggers fusion of insulin-containing vesicles with the plasma membrane and exocytosis of their contents.

74
Q

What are the effects of high blood glucose

A

(hyperglycemia) increases the osmotic pressure in the extracellular fluid, leading to cell dehydration, including brain neurons

75
Q

what are the effects of low blood glucose

A

(hypoglycemia) impairs the function of the brain

76
Q

explain the effects of insulin overdose

A

low blood glucose => hypoglycemic shock

can lead to fainting, tiredness and weakness, headache

77
Q

Where do you find the Islets ofLangerhans

A

the pancreas

Bio 204 (7 decks)

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