Respiratory System

Question 1

what components comprise the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?

Answer 1

bronchioles (also conducting), alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs

Question 2

What kind of epithelium extends from the upper nasal cavity to the bronchioles? What is its function?

Answer 2

• Respiratory epithelium = ciliated pseudostratified columnar
• interspersed with goblet cells
• filter, warm, moisten air

Question 3

What structures underlie respiratory epithelium and its basement membrane?

Answer 3

elastic fibers, mucous and seromucous glands

Question 4

All respiratory epithelium cells sit on the basement membrane. What are the 5 types of respiratory epithelium cells? Which extend to the lumen?

Answer 4

Extend to lumen:
1 ciliated pseudostratified columnar cells 
2 mucous goblet cells
3 brush cells
Don't extend to lumen: 
4 basal cells
5 granule cells

Question 5

What are directly under cilia in respiratory epithelium?

Answer 5

basal bodies

Question 6

What type of cells secrete polysaccharide-rich droplets, are most abundant in larynx and trachea epithelium, and diminish in number in the bronchi?

Answer 6

mucous goblet cells

Question 7

What structures appear on the apical surface of brush cells?

Answer 7

microvilli

Question 8

A layer of mucous is secreted by what kinds of cells in the respiratory epithelium?

Answer 8

goblet cells, seromucous glands

Question 9

Cilia are found _____ in the respiratory tract than goblet cells to ______

Answer 9

• deeper

- prevent retrograde flow of mucous

Question 10

In the respiratory tract, where does the epithelium change the most?

Answer 10

broncioles

Question 11

In the respiratory tree, the ciliated pseudostratefied columnar epithelium transitions to 1_____ and then to 2____ in the alveoli. In addition, the number of 3_____(3) decreases while the amount of 4_____(2) increases.

Answer 11

1 ciliated simple cuboidal
2 squamous cells
3 goblet cells, smooth muscle, cartilage
4 elastic fibers, connective tissue

Question 12

What epithelium is found in the vestibule of the nasal cavity (conducting system)?

Answer 12

keritinized –> respiratory epithelium

Question 13

What structures are found in the vestibule of the nasal cavity (conducting system)?

Answer 13

• sebaceous and sweat glands

- vibrissae - nose hair - filters particles

Question 14

What are the 2 fossae of the nasal cavity? What do they do?

Answer 14

• seaprated by bony nasal septum
• conchae - 3 projection of bone covered with connective tissue and epithelium
• meatus - spaces between conchae for air passage; forces turbulent air flow to humidify and warm air

Question 15

What does the connective tissue covering conchae in the nasal cavity contain?

Answer 15

contains venous plexi to warm air = swell bodies

Question 16

How can you tell the superior meatus from the inferior and middle in the nasal cavity?

Answer 16

superior has olfactory epithelium - lacks cilia, nuclei are organized/central, has underlying nerve

Question 17

What do olfactory (Bowman’s) glands do, and where are they found?

Answer 17

• superior meatus, near olfactory epithelium

- produce proteinaceous secretions to clear cilia

Question 18

Where are the paranasal sinus chambers? What are they lined with?

Answer 18

• frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid bones

- respiratory ciliated epithelium, goblet cells, small glands

Question 19

What lines the pharynx dorsally vs ventrally?

Answer 19

dorsally: respiratory epithelium
ventrally: stratified squamous epithelium

Question 20

What kind of tissue supports the larynx? What is this subject to?

Answer 20

• hyaline cartilage

- ossification

Question 21

How are the false vocal chords also called, and how are they identified?

Answer 21

• vestibular folds
• respiratory epithelium
• serous glands in lamina propria

Question 22

How are the true vocal chords identified? What are their components?

Answer 22

• stratified squamous epithelium

- vocal ligament (parallel elastic fibers) and vocalis muscle (skeletal, alters sound)

Question 23

How are the ends of each hyaline cartilage ring of the trachea connected?

Answer 23

dorsally by smooth muscle and fibroelastic ligament

Question 24

What structure is line with respiratory epithelium, has a thick basement membrane, and has incomplete, regular rings of hyaline cartilage?

Answer 24

trachea

Question 25

How are the rings of the bronchi and trachea different?

Answer 25

- trachea - regular rings | - bronchi - irregular rings

Question 26

How many branches of the bronchi are there on each side?

Answer 26

-5 total (3 R, 2 L)

Question 27

What are the primary and lobar bronchi? (2 primary -> 5 lobar)

Answer 27

lobar bronchi

Question 28

What are the multiple branches of lobar bronchi?

Answer 28

small bronchi

Question 29

Why do the bronchi have wavy/folded mucosa?

Answer 29

smooth muscle in irregular bands

Question 30

How can bronchioles be identified?

Answer 30

no cartilage - larger bronchioles have a lot of smooth muscle - respiratory --> cuboidal epithelium

Question 31

Where does most regulation of ventilation occur? Why?

Answer 31

- regular bronchioles | - large cross sectional area (in aggregate), lack of cartilage, presence of smooth muscle

Question 32

How are regular bronchioles identified?

Answer 32

- ciliated columnar epithelium, some goblet cells, can be pseudostratefied - wavy/folded mucosa due to post-mortem constriction of smooth muscle

Question 33

what replaces goblet cells in terminal bronchi? What do they do?

Answer 33

clara cells - stick up taller than surrounding cells | -have dense granules which secrete a protein and aqueous solution to moisten the epithelium

Question 34

Which has more smooth muscle - terminal or regular bronchioles?

Answer 34

regular have more

Question 35

Which two types of bronchioles are identical? describe the,

Answer 35

terminal (conductive) and respiratory - simple cuboidal or columnar w/ few cilia - no goblet cells - reduced smooth muscle compared to regular bronchioles

Question 36

what structures in bronchiole walls allow gas exchange?

Answer 36

outpocketing of alveoli

Question 37

Describe the lining of alveolar ducts

Answer 37

- simple squamous | - no cilia, goblet cells, Clara cells

Question 38

What does smooth muscle in knob-like projections of alveolar openings do?

Answer 38

more regulation of ventilation

Question 39

What is the diffusion path for gases through alveoli?

Answer 39

surfactant -> epithelium (2 membranes + cytoplasm) -> Fused basement membrane (epithelial and endothelial basal lamina) -> endothelium (2 membranes + cytoplasm) -> RBC membrane

Question 40

What alveolar cells are the source of surfactant? Where are they found?

Answer 40

- Type II epithelium (Type II pneumocyte) | - found at septal junctions

Question 41

What alveolar cells form the majority of lung lining?

Answer 41

-Type I epithelium (Type I pneumocyte)

Question 42

What alveolar cells have thin, crescent shapes nuclei?

Answer 42

capillary endothelial cells

Question 43

What are Dust cells?

Answer 43

alveolar macrophages

Question 44

What do alveolar pores do?

Answer 44

- pores of Kohn penetrate alveolar wall - equalize air pressure - promote collateral air circulation

Question 45

where do pleural layers of the lung fuse?

Answer 45

lung hilus

Question 46

What does fluid in between layers of lung pleura do?

Answer 46

permits lung movement

Question 47

What kinds of nerves are found in the lungs, and what do they do?

Answer 47

- sym and parasym - regulate bronchial dilation - poorly localized pain responses

Question 48

Where is the nutrient (systemic) arterial supply found in pulmonary circulation?

Answer 48

submucosa

Question 49

Where is the functional (pulmonary) arterial supply found in pulmonary circulation?

Answer 49

follows bronchial tree, branch to capillaries at site of gas exchange