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Microanatomy Unit 6 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

what components comprise the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?

A

bronchioles (also conducting), alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs

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2
Q

What kind of epithelium extends from the upper nasal cavity to the bronchioles? What is its function?

A
  • Respiratory epithelium = ciliated pseudostratified columnar
  • interspersed with goblet cells
  • filter, warm, moisten air
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3
Q

What structures underlie respiratory epithelium and its basement membrane?

A

elastic fibers, mucous and seromucous glands

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4
Q

All respiratory epithelium cells sit on the basement membrane. What are the 5 types of respiratory epithelium cells? Which extend to the lumen?

A 
Extend to lumen:
1 ciliated pseudostratified columnar cells 
2 mucous goblet cells
3 brush cells
Don't extend to lumen: 
4 basal cells
5 granule cells
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5
Q

What are directly under cilia in respiratory epithelium?

A

basal bodies

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6
Q

What type of cells secrete polysaccharide-rich droplets, are most abundant in larynx and trachea epithelium, and diminish in number in the bronchi?

A

mucous goblet cells

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7
Q

What structures appear on the apical surface of brush cells?

A

microvilli

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8
Q

A layer of mucous is secreted by what kinds of cells in the respiratory epithelium?

A

goblet cells, seromucous glands

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9
Q

Cilia are found _____ in the respiratory tract than goblet cells to ______

A
  • deeper

- prevent retrograde flow of mucous

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10
Q

In the respiratory tract, where does the epithelium change the most?

A

broncioles

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11
Q

In the respiratory tree, the ciliated pseudostratefied columnar epithelium transitions to 1_____ and then to 2____ in the alveoli. In addition, the number of 3_____(3) decreases while the amount of 4_____(2) increases.

A

1 ciliated simple cuboidal
2 squamous cells
3 goblet cells, smooth muscle, cartilage
4 elastic fibers, connective tissue

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12
Q

What epithelium is found in the vestibule of the nasal cavity (conducting system)?

A

keritinized –> respiratory epithelium

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13
Q

What structures are found in the vestibule of the nasal cavity (conducting system)?

A
  • sebaceous and sweat glands

- vibrissae - nose hair - filters particles

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14
Q

What are the 2 fossae of the nasal cavity? What do they do?

A
  • seaprated by bony nasal septum
  • conchae - 3 projection of bone covered with connective tissue and epithelium
  • meatus - spaces between conchae for air passage; forces turbulent air flow to humidify and warm air
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15
Q

What does the connective tissue covering conchae in the nasal cavity contain?

A

contains venous plexi to warm air = swell bodies

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16
Q

How can you tell the superior meatus from the inferior and middle in the nasal cavity?

A

superior has olfactory epithelium - lacks cilia, nuclei are organized/central, has underlying nerve

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17
Q

What do olfactory (Bowman’s) glands do, and where are they found?

A
  • superior meatus, near olfactory epithelium

- produce proteinaceous secretions to clear cilia

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18
Q

Where are the paranasal sinus chambers? What are they lined with?

A
  • frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid bones

- respiratory ciliated epithelium, goblet cells, small glands

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19
Q

What lines the pharynx dorsally vs ventrally?

A

dorsally: respiratory epithelium
ventrally: stratified squamous epithelium

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20
Q

What kind of tissue supports the larynx? What is this subject to?

A
  • hyaline cartilage

- ossification

21
Q

How are the false vocal chords also called, and how are they identified?

A
  • vestibular folds
  • respiratory epithelium
  • serous glands in lamina propria
22
Q

How are the true vocal chords identified? What are their components?

A
  • stratified squamous epithelium

- vocal ligament (parallel elastic fibers) and vocalis muscle (skeletal, alters sound)

23
Q

How are the ends of each hyaline cartilage ring of the trachea connected?

A

dorsally by smooth muscle and fibroelastic ligament

24
Q

What structure is line with respiratory epithelium, has a thick basement membrane, and has incomplete, regular rings of hyaline cartilage?

A

trachea

25
Q

How are the rings of the bronchi and trachea different?

A
  • trachea - regular rings

- bronchi - irregular rings

26
Q

How many branches of the bronchi are there on each side?

A

-5 total (3 R, 2 L)

27
Q

What are the primary and lobar bronchi? (2 primary -> 5 lobar)

A

lobar bronchi

28
Q

What are the multiple branches of lobar bronchi?

A

small bronchi

29
Q

Why do the bronchi have wavy/folded mucosa?

A

smooth muscle in irregular bands

30
Q

How can bronchioles be identified?

A

no cartilage

  • larger bronchioles have a lot of smooth muscle
  • respiratory –> cuboidal epithelium
31
Q

Where does most regulation of ventilation occur? Why?

A
  • regular bronchioles

- large cross sectional area (in aggregate), lack of cartilage, presence of smooth muscle

32
Q

How are regular bronchioles identified?

A
  • ciliated columnar epithelium, some goblet cells, can be pseudostratefied
  • wavy/folded mucosa due to post-mortem constriction of smooth muscle
33
Q

what replaces goblet cells in terminal bronchi? What do they do?

A

clara cells - stick up taller than surrounding cells

-have dense granules which secrete a protein and aqueous solution to moisten the epithelium

34
Q

Which has more smooth muscle - terminal or regular bronchioles?

A

regular have more

35
Q

Which two types of bronchioles are identical? describe the,

A

terminal (conductive) and respiratory

  • simple cuboidal or columnar w/ few cilia
  • no goblet cells
  • reduced smooth muscle compared to regular bronchioles
36
Q

what structures in bronchiole walls allow gas exchange?

A

outpocketing of alveoli

37
Q

Describe the lining of alveolar ducts

A
  • simple squamous

- no cilia, goblet cells, Clara cells

38
Q

What does smooth muscle in knob-like projections of alveolar openings do?

A

more regulation of ventilation

39
Q

What is the diffusion path for gases through alveoli?

A

surfactant -> epithelium (2 membranes + cytoplasm) -> Fused basement membrane (epithelial and endothelial basal lamina) -> endothelium (2 membranes + cytoplasm) -> RBC membrane

40
Q

What alveolar cells are the source of surfactant? Where are they found?

A
  • Type II epithelium (Type II pneumocyte)

- found at septal junctions

41
Q

What alveolar cells form the majority of lung lining?

A

-Type I epithelium (Type I pneumocyte)

42
Q

What alveolar cells have thin, crescent shapes nuclei?

A

capillary endothelial cells

43
Q

What are Dust cells?

A

alveolar macrophages

44
Q

What do alveolar pores do?

A
  • pores of Kohn penetrate alveolar wall
  • equalize air pressure
  • promote collateral air circulation
45
Q

where do pleural layers of the lung fuse?

A

lung hilus

46
Q

What does fluid in between layers of lung pleura do?

A

permits lung movement

47
Q

What kinds of nerves are found in the lungs, and what do they do?

A
  • sym and parasym
  • regulate bronchial dilation
  • poorly localized pain responses
48
Q

Where is the nutrient (systemic) arterial supply found in pulmonary circulation?

A

submucosa

49
Q

Where is the functional (pulmonary) arterial supply found in pulmonary circulation?

A

follows bronchial tree, branch to capillaries at site of gas exchange

Microanatomy Unit 6 (4 decks)

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