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Microanatomy Unit 6 > Hematopoiesis > Flashcards

Hematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of Romanovsky stain?

A

2 basic (azure B + methylene blue), 1 acidic (eosin)

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2
Q

What does azure B stain?

A
  • DNA and GAGs
  • purple nucleus
  • crimson cytoplasmic granules of basophils and lysosomes
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3
Q

What does methylene blue stain?

A

RNA

heavenly blue

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4
Q

What does eosin stain?

A
  • general protein stain
  • Hb of RBCs
  • granules of eosinophils
  • red-pink
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5
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

production of blood cells

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6
Q

What is the monophyletic theory of hematopoiesis?

A
  • all blood cells arise from a common pluripotential stem cell (HSC)
  • divide more frequently in females
  • aging reduces ability to regenerate blood cell lineages
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7
Q

What is the polyphyletic theory of hematopoiesis?

A
  • each type of blood cell arises from its own stem cell

- not widely upheld today

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8
Q

What are blast cells?

A

precursor cells

monopotential

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9
Q

Describe blast cells

A
  • large, euchromatic nucleus or nuclei
  • large nucleus:cytoplasm ratio
  • pale blue cytoplasm
  • no cytoplasmic granules
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10
Q

Do blast cells have cytoplasmic granules?

A

no

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11
Q

why are neutrophils called polys sometimes

A

polymorphonuclear (2-5 lobes)

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12
Q

what blood cell plays a role in asthma

A

eosinophils

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13
Q

what blood cell contains heparin and histamine

A

basophil

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14
Q

what blood cell is affiliated with anaphylaxis

A

basophil

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15
Q

what cytotoxic enzymes does a neutrophilic myelocyte contain

A

lactoferrin, lysozyme

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16
Q

what do eosinophils contain that is toxic to parasitic worms

A

major basic protein

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17
Q

what carries surface immunoglobulins

A

B lymphocyte

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18
Q

what secretes factors to activate both T and B cells

A

helper T cells

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19
Q

what blood cells provide a surface for clotting and release factors for coagulation

A

thrombocytes (blood platelets)

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20
Q

what blood cells are responsible for the increase in vascular permeability associated with inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis

A

thrombocytes (bleed platelets)

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21
Q

thrombocytopenia (abnormally low platelets) can result in _____

A

leaky microvasculature

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22
Q

what is the hematopoietic organ for erythrocytes, granulocytes, and monocytes?

A

bone marrow

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23
Q

what is the type of hematopoietic organ for lymphocytes?

A

lymphoid organs

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24
Q

what is the last stage of neutrophil differentiation that is mitotic

A

myelocyte

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25
Q

what is the first post-mitotic stage in neutrophil differentiation

A

metamyelocyte

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26
Q

what is the sequence of neutrophil differentiation

A
  • myeloblast
  • promyelocyte
  • myelocyte
  • metamyelocyte (post mitotic)
  • band cell
  • mature neutrophil
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27
Q

where are blasts, promyelocytes, myelocytes, and metamyeloctyes found

A

bone marrow

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28
Q

where are bands and adult neutrophils found

A

peripheral blood

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29
Q

what do neutrophilic promyelocytes have that blasts don’t have

A

cytoplasmic granules

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30
Q

what kind of enzymes are found in neutrophilic promyelocyte granules

A

hydrolytic (acid phosphatase, lysozyme)

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31
Q

what kind of enzymes do cytoplasmic granules in neutrophilic myelocytes contain

A

bactericidal (lysozyme, lactoferrin)

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32
Q

primary azurophilic granules ____ in number with each cell division in neutrophil differentiation

A

decrease

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33
Q

what does the nucleus of a neutrophilic metamyelocyte look like? what does this indicate?

A
  • indented

- condensed -> can’t replicate

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34
Q

%of bands in peripheral blood can be used to indicate ____

A

rate of neutrophil production

35
Q

Characterize the nucleus of a neutrophilic band

A

condensed
bent
looks like lobes connected by bands

36
Q

how long does neutrophil production take? where does most of it take place?

A

9-14 days

37
Q

where are cells when they’re present but not circulating

A

marginating pool (constricted in capillaries, adhering to endothelium)

38
Q

what are the granulocytes?

A

neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

39
Q

where does hematopoiesis occur

A

red bone marrow

40
Q

how do leukocytes leave blood vessels?

A

diapedesis

41
Q

What blood cells have a lot of glycogen

A

neutrophils

42
Q

perforin

A

T cells use it to lyse target cells

43
Q

granzymes

A

T cells use them to induce apoptosis in target cells

44
Q

another name for natural killer cells

A

large granular lymphocytes

45
Q

natural killer cell functions

A
  • kill virus infected cells
  • kill malignant cells
  • produce cytkines (IF-gamma)
46
Q

what is IF gamma? What cells produce it?

A
  • cytokine

- natural killer cells/large granular lymphocytes

47
Q

functions of cytockines

A
  • t cell polarization

- maturation of dendritic cells

48
Q

What daughter cells of B lymphocytes secrete antibodies?

A

plasma cells

49
Q

have fragments of megakaryocytes in their cytoplasm

A

thrombocytes (blood platelets)

50
Q

nurtures stem cells, maintains their properties, facilitates their activities

A

hematopoietic stem cell niche

51
Q

contains blood’s ECM proteins

A
  • hematopoietic stem cell niche

- fibrinectin, laminin, agrin

52
Q

yellow bone marrow consists mainly of _____

A

adipose cells

53
Q

functions of yellow bone marrow

A
  • storage of reserve energy

- reserve of hematopoietic tissue

54
Q

blasts

A
  • monopotential
  • large nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio
  • pale blue cytoplasm
  • no cytoplasmic granules
  • precursor cell = highly mitotic
55
Q

stages of erythrocyte differentiation

A
  1. blast
  2. basophilic erythroblast
  3. polychromatophilic erythroblast
  4. normoblast
  5. reticulocyte
  6. orthochromatic erythroblast
  7. mature erythrocyte (RBC)
56
Q

first recognizable stage in erythropoiesis

A

basophilic erythroblast

57
Q

basophilic erythroblast

A
  • smaller nucleus than blast
  • intensely basophilic cytoplasm (navy blue)
  • 1-2 datys, 1-2 mitotic divisions
  • preparing to make globin part of Hb
58
Q

polychromatophilic erythroblast

A
  • smaller than BEB
  • double-staining cytoplasm
  • Hb binds eosin
  • rRNA binds methylene blue
  • 3 days, 3-4 mitotic divisions
59
Q

normoblast

A
  • NO MITOSIS
  • smaller, heterochromatic nucleus
  • polychromatophilic cytoplasm = mostly pink, some blue (lots of Hb, few remaining polyribosomes)
60
Q

polychromatophilic cytoplasm of normoblast

A

lots of Hb, few remaining polyribosomes

61
Q

point in erythrocyte differentiation when mitosis no longer occurs

A

normoblast

62
Q

are normoblasts usually found in peripheral circulation

A

no

63
Q

what comes after normoblast

A

reticulocyte

64
Q

where is the erythrocyte ready reserve

A

red bone marrow

65
Q

erythropoietin

A
  • glycoprotein hormone

- synthesized in kidney cortex

66
Q

hypoxia ______ synthesis of erythrpoietin

A

stimulates

67
Q

erythropoietin

A

-glycoprotein hormone synthesized in kidney cortex

68
Q

increases rate of mitosis in developing RBCs (blasts, basophilic erythroblasts, polychromatophilic erythroblasts)

A

erythropoietin

69
Q

increases RNA synthesis in RBCs

A

erythropoietin

70
Q

causes of hypoxia

A

hemorrhage, hemolysis, high altitude, compromised pulm function

71
Q

polychromatic erythroblasts clustered around reticular cells

A

erythroblastic island

72
Q

role of reticular cells

A

supply nutrient and GFs to developing RBCs (trophic role)

73
Q

plasma cella

A
  • eccentric nucleus
  • clockface distribution of chromatin
  • make antibodies
74
Q

where are platelets formed (megakaryoblast/megakaryocyte)

A

megakeyocyte

75
Q

which has lobulated (not homogeneous) cytoplasm (megakaryoblast/megakaryocyte)

A

megakaryocyte

76
Q

cytoplasm of megakaryocyte vs cytoplasm of megakaryoblast

A

eosinophilic vs basophilic

77
Q

destruction of platelets

A

spleen, liver

78
Q

cytoplasm of monocytes

A

small azurophilic granules

79
Q

after monocytes circulate in peripheral blood

A

become histiocytes (macrophages) in tissues

80
Q

alpha-napthyl acetate esterase

A

marker for monocytes (in granules)

81
Q

origin of monocytes

A

blasts in red bone marrow

82
Q

nuclei of monocytes

A

unusual shapes

83
Q

diapedesis

A

leave through or between cells

Microanatomy Unit 6 (4 decks)

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