Hematopoiesis

Question 1

What are the components of Romanovsky stain?

Answer 1

2 basic (azure B + methylene blue), 1 acidic (eosin)

Question 2

What does azure B stain?

Answer 2

• DNA and GAGs
• purple nucleus
• crimson cytoplasmic granules of basophils and lysosomes

Question 3

What does methylene blue stain?

Answer 3

RNA

heavenly blue

Question 4

What does eosin stain?

Answer 4

• general protein stain
• Hb of RBCs
• granules of eosinophils
• red-pink

Question 5

What is hematopoiesis?

Answer 5

production of blood cells

Question 6

What is the monophyletic theory of hematopoiesis?

Answer 6

• all blood cells arise from a common pluripotential stem cell (HSC)
• divide more frequently in females
• aging reduces ability to regenerate blood cell lineages

Question 7

What is the polyphyletic theory of hematopoiesis?

Answer 7

• each type of blood cell arises from its own stem cell

- not widely upheld today

Question 8

What are blast cells?

Answer 8

precursor cells

monopotential

Question 9

Describe blast cells

Answer 9

• large, euchromatic nucleus or nuclei
• large nucleus:cytoplasm ratio
• pale blue cytoplasm
• no cytoplasmic granules

Question 10

Do blast cells have cytoplasmic granules?

Answer 10

no

Question 11

why are neutrophils called polys sometimes

Answer 11

polymorphonuclear (2-5 lobes)

Question 12

what blood cell plays a role in asthma

Answer 12

eosinophils

Question 13

what blood cell contains heparin and histamine

Answer 13

basophil

Question 14

what blood cell is affiliated with anaphylaxis

Answer 14

basophil

Question 15

what cytotoxic enzymes does a neutrophilic myelocyte contain

Answer 15

lactoferrin, lysozyme

Question 16

what do eosinophils contain that is toxic to parasitic worms

Answer 16

major basic protein

Question 17

what carries surface immunoglobulins

Answer 17

B lymphocyte

Question 18

what secretes factors to activate both T and B cells

Answer 18

helper T cells

Question 19

what blood cells provide a surface for clotting and release factors for coagulation

Answer 19

thrombocytes (blood platelets)

Question 20

what blood cells are responsible for the increase in vascular permeability associated with inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 20

thrombocytes (bleed platelets)

Question 21

thrombocytopenia (abnormally low platelets) can result in _____

Answer 21

leaky microvasculature

Question 22

what is the hematopoietic organ for erythrocytes, granulocytes, and monocytes?

Answer 22

bone marrow

Question 23

what is the type of hematopoietic organ for lymphocytes?

Answer 23

lymphoid organs

Question 24

what is the last stage of neutrophil differentiation that is mitotic

Answer 24

myelocyte

Question 25

what is the first post-mitotic stage in neutrophil differentiation

Answer 25

metamyelocyte

Question 26

what is the sequence of neutrophil differentiation

Answer 26

- myeloblast - promyelocyte - myelocyte - metamyelocyte (post mitotic) - band cell - mature neutrophil

Question 27

where are blasts, promyelocytes, myelocytes, and metamyeloctyes found

Answer 27

bone marrow

Question 28

where are bands and adult neutrophils found

Answer 28

peripheral blood

Question 29

what do neutrophilic promyelocytes have that blasts don't have

Answer 29

cytoplasmic granules

Question 30

what kind of enzymes are found in neutrophilic promyelocyte granules

Answer 30

hydrolytic (acid phosphatase, lysozyme)

Question 31

what kind of enzymes do cytoplasmic granules in neutrophilic myelocytes contain

Answer 31

bactericidal (lysozyme, lactoferrin)

Question 32

primary azurophilic granules ____ in number with each cell division in neutrophil differentiation

Answer 32

decrease

Question 33

what does the nucleus of a neutrophilic metamyelocyte look like? what does this indicate?

Answer 33

- indented | - condensed -> can't replicate

Question 34

%of bands in peripheral blood can be used to indicate ____

Answer 34

rate of neutrophil production

Question 35

Characterize the nucleus of a neutrophilic band

Answer 35

condensed bent looks like lobes connected by bands

Question 36

how long does neutrophil production take? where does most of it take place?

Answer 36

9-14 days

Question 37

where are cells when they're present but not circulating

Answer 37

marginating pool (constricted in capillaries, adhering to endothelium)

Question 38

what are the granulocytes?

Answer 38

neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

Question 39

where does hematopoiesis occur

Answer 39

red bone marrow

Question 40

how do leukocytes leave blood vessels?

Answer 40

diapedesis

Question 41

What blood cells have a lot of glycogen

Answer 41

neutrophils

Question 42

perforin

Answer 42

T cells use it to lyse target cells

Question 43

granzymes

Answer 43

T cells use them to induce apoptosis in target cells

Question 44

another name for natural killer cells

Answer 44

large granular lymphocytes

Question 45

natural killer cell functions

Answer 45

- kill virus infected cells - kill malignant cells - produce cytkines (IF-gamma)

Question 46

what is IF gamma? What cells produce it?

Answer 46

- cytokine | - natural killer cells/large granular lymphocytes

Question 47

functions of cytockines

Answer 47

- t cell polarization | - maturation of dendritic cells

Question 48

What daughter cells of B lymphocytes secrete antibodies?

Answer 48

plasma cells

Question 49

have fragments of megakaryocytes in their cytoplasm

Answer 49

thrombocytes (blood platelets)

Question 50

nurtures stem cells, maintains their properties, facilitates their activities

Answer 50

hematopoietic stem cell niche

Question 51

contains blood's ECM proteins

Answer 51

- hematopoietic stem cell niche | - fibrinectin, laminin, agrin

Question 52

yellow bone marrow consists mainly of _____

Answer 52

adipose cells

Question 53

functions of yellow bone marrow

Answer 53

- storage of reserve energy | - reserve of hematopoietic tissue

Question 54

blasts

Answer 54

- monopotential - large nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio - pale blue cytoplasm - no cytoplasmic granules - precursor cell = highly mitotic

Question 55

stages of erythrocyte differentiation

Answer 55

1. blast 2. basophilic erythroblast 3. polychromatophilic erythroblast 4. normoblast 5. reticulocyte 6. orthochromatic erythroblast 7. mature erythrocyte (RBC)

Question 56

first recognizable stage in erythropoiesis

Answer 56

basophilic erythroblast

Question 57

basophilic erythroblast

Answer 57

- smaller nucleus than blast - intensely basophilic cytoplasm (navy blue) - 1-2 datys, 1-2 mitotic divisions - preparing to make globin part of Hb

Question 58

polychromatophilic erythroblast

Answer 58

- smaller than BEB - double-staining cytoplasm - Hb binds eosin - rRNA binds methylene blue - 3 days, 3-4 mitotic divisions

Question 59

normoblast

Answer 59

- NO MITOSIS - smaller, heterochromatic nucleus - polychromatophilic cytoplasm = mostly pink, some blue (lots of Hb, few remaining polyribosomes)

Question 60

polychromatophilic cytoplasm of normoblast

Answer 60

lots of Hb, few remaining polyribosomes

Question 61

point in erythrocyte differentiation when mitosis no longer occurs

Answer 61

normoblast

Question 62

are normoblasts usually found in peripheral circulation

Answer 62

no

Question 63

what comes after normoblast

Answer 63

reticulocyte

Question 64

where is the erythrocyte ready reserve

Answer 64

red bone marrow

Question 65

erythropoietin

Answer 65

- glycoprotein hormone | - synthesized in kidney cortex

Question 66

hypoxia ______ synthesis of erythrpoietin

Answer 66

stimulates

Question 67

erythropoietin

Answer 67

-glycoprotein hormone synthesized in kidney cortex

Question 68

increases rate of mitosis in developing RBCs (blasts, basophilic erythroblasts, polychromatophilic erythroblasts)

Answer 68

erythropoietin

Question 69

increases RNA synthesis in RBCs

Answer 69

erythropoietin

Question 70

causes of hypoxia

Answer 70

hemorrhage, hemolysis, high altitude, compromised pulm function

Question 71

polychromatic erythroblasts clustered around reticular cells

Answer 71

erythroblastic island

Question 72

role of reticular cells

Answer 72

supply nutrient and GFs to developing RBCs (trophic role)

Question 73

plasma cella

Answer 73

- eccentric nucleus - clockface distribution of chromatin - make antibodies

Question 74

where are platelets formed (megakaryoblast/megakaryocyte)

Answer 74

megakeyocyte

Question 75

which has lobulated (not homogeneous) cytoplasm (megakaryoblast/megakaryocyte)

Answer 75

megakaryocyte

Question 76

cytoplasm of megakaryocyte vs cytoplasm of megakaryoblast

Answer 76

eosinophilic vs basophilic

Question 77

destruction of platelets

Answer 77

spleen, liver

Question 78

cytoplasm of monocytes

Answer 78

small azurophilic granules

Question 79

after monocytes circulate in peripheral blood

Answer 79

become histiocytes (macrophages) in tissues

Question 80

alpha-napthyl acetate esterase

Answer 80

marker for monocytes (in granules)

Question 81

origin of monocytes

Answer 81

blasts in red bone marrow

Question 82

nuclei of monocytes

Answer 82

unusual shapes

Question 83

diapedesis

Answer 83

leave through or between cells