Hematology

Question 1

What are the formed elements of blood?

Answer 1

• erythrocytes (RBCs)
• leykocytes (WBCs)
• platelets

Question 2

What is the major component of plasma? What does it do?

Answer 2

• albumin
• maintains osmotic pressure of blood
• transport of water insoluble substances

Question 3

What are the blood gasses?

Answer 3

O2, CO2, N2

Question 4

What are the 5 components of plasma?

Answer 4

1. albumin
2. gamma globulins (immunoglobulins) - antibodies
3. fibrinogen - formation of fibrin for clotting
4. complements proteins - inflammation, destruction of microorganisms
5. other solutes

Question 5

What is the bottom layer of centrifuged blood? What percent of blood volume does it comprise?

Answer 5

Hematocrit (erythrocytes), ~45%

Question 6

What is the middle layer (buffy coat) of centrifuged blood? What percent of blood volume does it comprise?

Answer 6

leukocytes, platelets, 1%

Question 7

What is the top layer of centrifuged blood? What percent of blood volume does it comprise?

Answer 7

blood plasma, 50%

Question 8

How many erythrocytes are in 1uL of blood in males and females?

Answer 8

• males: 4.1 - 6 * 10^6 /uL

- females: 3.9 - 5.5 * 10^6 /uL

Question 9

How many leukocyte are in 1uL of blood in males and females? What percent are neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, or monocytes?

Answer 9

6,000-10,000 /uL

• 60-70% neutrophils
• 2-4% eosinophils
• 0-1% basophils
• 20-30% lymphocytes
• 3-8% monocytes

Question 10

How many platelets are in 1uL of blood in males and females?

Answer 10

200,000 - 400,000 /uL

Question 11

The periphery of erythrocytes binds what stain deeply?

Answer 11

eosin

Question 12

What 3 factors influence erythrocytes’ ability to change shape?

Answer 12

geometry, cytoplasmic viscosity, properties of plasma membrane

Question 13

What are the three main components of an erythrocyte’s membrane skeleton? What are the functions?

Answer 13

• spectrin, actin, protein 4.1 (connects)
• deformability of membrane
• stabilize membrane against shearing forces

Question 14

describe the plasma membrane of an erythrocyte

Answer 14

trilaminar

Question 15

What comprises 1/3 of RBC weight?

Answer 15

Hb

Question 16

What is Hb responsible for?

Answer 16

cytoplasmic viscosity, eosinophility

Question 17

Each heme group in Hb is a ______ associated with ______

Answer 17

• protoporphyrin

- Fe

Question 18

What is the life span of a RBC? What happens after the survival period?

Answer 18

• 120 days

- phagocytosis by macrophage in spleen, liver, or bone marrow

Question 19

In what organs does phagocytosis of a senescent RBC my macrophage occur?

Answer 19

spleen, liver, bone marrow

Question 20

Why do reticulocytes stain with brilliant cresyl blue?

Answer 20

They are young RBCs and still have some rRNA.

Question 21

Where do leukocytes function?

Answer 21

outside of blood vessels

Question 22

How do leukocytes leave blood vessels?

Answer 22

diapedesis

Question 23

What are granulocytes and what are examples?

Answer 23

• have specific cytoplasmic granules

- neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Question 24

What are agranulocytes and what are examples?

Answer 24

• lack specific cytoplasmic granules

- lymphocytes, monocytes

Question 25

Describe the nucleus and nucleolus of a neutrophil

Answer 25

- nucleus has 2-5 lobes (polymorphonuclear) - nucleus is heterochromatic - no nucleolus

Question 26

What kinds of granules do neutrophils have?

Answer 26

- azurophilic granules - primary, primary lysosomes | - specific granules - secondary, definitive, neutrophilic, stain salmon pink

Question 27

Neutrophilic phagocytosis: Neutrophils are 1_____ and display 2_____. 3_____ surround bacteria forming 4_____. 5_____ granules fuse with 6______ and discharge their contents. Then, 7____ granules also fuse, forming 8______.

Answer 27

``` 1 motile 2 chemotaxis 3 pseudopodia 4 phagosomes 5 specfic 6 phagosomes 7 azurophilic (fuse with phagosome) 8 secondary lysosome ```

Question 28

During neutrophilic phagocytosis, what two enzymes do the specific granules discharge into the phagosome? What do these enzymes do?

Answer 28

- lysozyme - hydrolyzes glycosides in bacterial cell wall | - lactoferrin - Fe binding

Question 29

What do the enzymes do in a secondary lysosome during neutrophilic phagocytosis?

Answer 29

hydrolyze bacterium into its constituent small molecules

Question 30

How is pus formed?

Answer 30

neutrophils die during functional processes

Question 31

Neutrophils can release _____ with _____ activity

Answer 31

microvesicles | antibiotic

Question 32

describe the nucleus of an eosinophil

Answer 32

- bilobed | - large, eosinophilic specific granules

Question 33

What do the specific granules in eosinophils contain?

Answer 33

- crystalline core w/ major basic protein | - hydrolytic enzymes

Question 34

what are three functions of eosinophils?

Answer 34

- phagocytosis - secretion - potential role in asthma

Question 35

What is the role of the major basic protein in an eosinophil's nucleus during phagocytosis?

Answer 35

kill larvae of invading parasites

Question 36

What is the process which releases net-like structures capable of trapping microbes called? In what kind of cell does it occur?

Answer 36

- netosis | - neutrophils

Question 37

What two kinds of species do neutrophils produce?

Answer 37

- superoxide anions | - cytokines

Question 38

What role do oesinophils have in asthma?

Answer 38

- contraction of smooth muscle of bronchi - mucus hypersecretion - airway inflammation - airway remodeling

Question 39

What factors do eosinophils synthesize?

Answer 39

leukotriene C4 and platelet activating factor

Question 40

Why can't you usually see the nucleus in basophils?

Answer 40

obscured by cytoplasmic granules which stain intensely with azure blue

Question 41

What are basophil granules rich in?

Answer 41

heparin, histamine, SRS-A

Question 42

Which type of cell is involved in delayed hypersensitivity reactions?

Answer 42

basophils

Question 43

What happens in the basophilic immediate hypersensitivity reaction?

Answer 43

antigens stimulate plasma cells -> produce IgE -> IgE attached to basophils -second rxn: degranulation of mast cells and basophils

Question 44

What factor do basophils produce?

Answer 44

eosinophilic chemotactic factor

Question 45

basophils share many cytochemical and pharmacological characteristics with ______

Answer 45

mast cells

Question 46

Which lymphocytes are activated my certain antigens?

Answer 46

large lymphocytes

Question 47

Which lymphocytes are humoral immunity, and which are cell mediated?

Answer 47

B lymphocytes = humoral | T lymphocytes = cell mediated

Question 48

what are immunoglobulins?

Answer 48

antibodies

Question 49

What two types of cells do activated B lymphocyte daughter cells differentiate into?

Answer 49

- plasma cells (produce antibodies) | - memory B cells - respond more quickly open next exposure

Question 50

What do B lymphocytes have on their cell surface?

Answer 50

antigen receptors (immunoglobulin molecules)

Question 51

What do T cell receptors require?

Answer 51

antigen presenting cells

Question 52

T lymphocytes undergo _____ in response to antigenic stimulation

Answer 52

mitosis

Question 53

What 4 types of cells do T lymphocytes differentiate into?

Answer 53

memory T cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, helper T cells, suppressor (regulator) T cells

Question 54

What substances are in cytotoxic T lymphocytes? What do they do?

Answer 54

- perforin - lyse target cells | - granzymes - induce apoptosis in target cells

Question 55

What type of cells produce lymphokines and are the target of HIV?

Answer 55

helper T cells

Question 56

What type of cells suppress response to foreign antigens and self molecules?

Answer 56

suppressor (regulator) T cells

Question 57

What kind of cells are natural killer (NK) cells?

Answer 57

large granular lymphocytes

Question 58

Do natural killer cells (large granular lymphocytes) have B or T cell surface molecules?

Answer 58

Neither

Question 59

What do natural killer cells (large granular lymphocytes) produce?

Answer 59

cytokines

Question 60

How do you distinguish monocytes?

Answer 60

- vacuoles and azurophilic granules in cytoplasm | - abnormally shapes nucleus

Question 61

What do monocytes transform into?

Answer 61

macrophages

Question 62

where are blood platelets (thrombocytes) produced?

Answer 62

megakaryocytes in bone marrow