Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microanatomy Unit 6 > Hematology > Flashcards

Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the formed elements of blood?

A
  • erythrocytes (RBCs)
  • leykocytes (WBCs)
  • platelets
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the major component of plasma? What does it do?

A
  • albumin
  • maintains osmotic pressure of blood
  • transport of water insoluble substances
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the blood gasses?

A

O2, CO2, N2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 5 components of plasma?

A
  1. albumin
  2. gamma globulins (immunoglobulins) - antibodies
  3. fibrinogen - formation of fibrin for clotting
  4. complements proteins - inflammation, destruction of microorganisms
  5. other solutes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the bottom layer of centrifuged blood? What percent of blood volume does it comprise?

A

Hematocrit (erythrocytes), ~45%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the middle layer (buffy coat) of centrifuged blood? What percent of blood volume does it comprise?

A

leukocytes, platelets, 1%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the top layer of centrifuged blood? What percent of blood volume does it comprise?

A

blood plasma, 50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How many erythrocytes are in 1uL of blood in males and females?

A
  • males: 4.1 - 6 * 10^6 /uL

- females: 3.9 - 5.5 * 10^6 /uL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How many leukocyte are in 1uL of blood in males and females? What percent are neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, or monocytes?

A

6,000-10,000 /uL

  • 60-70% neutrophils
  • 2-4% eosinophils
  • 0-1% basophils
  • 20-30% lymphocytes
  • 3-8% monocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How many platelets are in 1uL of blood in males and females?

A

200,000 - 400,000 /uL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The periphery of erythrocytes binds what stain deeply?

A

eosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What 3 factors influence erythrocytes’ ability to change shape?

A

geometry, cytoplasmic viscosity, properties of plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the three main components of an erythrocyte’s membrane skeleton? What are the functions?

A
  • spectrin, actin, protein 4.1 (connects)
  • deformability of membrane
  • stabilize membrane against shearing forces
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

describe the plasma membrane of an erythrocyte

A

trilaminar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What comprises 1/3 of RBC weight?

A

Hb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Hb responsible for?

A

cytoplasmic viscosity, eosinophility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Each heme group in Hb is a ______ associated with ______

A
  • protoporphyrin

- Fe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the life span of a RBC? What happens after the survival period?

A
  • 120 days

- phagocytosis by macrophage in spleen, liver, or bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

In what organs does phagocytosis of a senescent RBC my macrophage occur?

A

spleen, liver, bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why do reticulocytes stain with brilliant cresyl blue?

A

They are young RBCs and still have some rRNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where do leukocytes function?

A

outside of blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How do leukocytes leave blood vessels?

A

diapedesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are granulocytes and what are examples?

A
  • have specific cytoplasmic granules

- neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are agranulocytes and what are examples?

A
  • lack specific cytoplasmic granules

- lymphocytes, monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Describe the nucleus and nucleolus of a neutrophil

A
  • nucleus has 2-5 lobes (polymorphonuclear)
  • nucleus is heterochromatic
  • no nucleolus
26
Q

What kinds of granules do neutrophils have?

A
  • azurophilic granules - primary, primary lysosomes

- specific granules - secondary, definitive, neutrophilic, stain salmon pink

27
Q

Neutrophilic phagocytosis: Neutrophils are 1_____ and display 2_____. 3_____ surround bacteria forming 4_____. 5_____ granules fuse with 6______ and discharge their contents. Then, 7____ granules also fuse, forming 8______.

A 
1 motile
2 chemotaxis
3 pseudopodia
4 phagosomes
5 specfic
6 phagosomes
7 azurophilic (fuse with phagosome)
8 secondary lysosome
28
Q

During neutrophilic phagocytosis, what two enzymes do the specific granules discharge into the phagosome? What do these enzymes do?

A
  • lysozyme - hydrolyzes glycosides in bacterial cell wall

- lactoferrin - Fe binding

29
Q

What do the enzymes do in a secondary lysosome during neutrophilic phagocytosis?

A

hydrolyze bacterium into its constituent small molecules

30
Q

How is pus formed?

A

neutrophils die during functional processes

31
Q

Neutrophils can release _____ with _____ activity

A

microvesicles

antibiotic

32
Q

describe the nucleus of an eosinophil

A
  • bilobed

- large, eosinophilic specific granules

33
Q

What do the specific granules in eosinophils contain?

A
  • crystalline core w/ major basic protein

- hydrolytic enzymes

34
Q

what are three functions of eosinophils?

A
  • phagocytosis
  • secretion
  • potential role in asthma
35
Q

What is the role of the major basic protein in an eosinophil’s nucleus during phagocytosis?

A

kill larvae of invading parasites

36
Q

What is the process which releases net-like structures capable of trapping microbes called? In what kind of cell does it occur?

A
  • netosis

- neutrophils

37
Q

What two kinds of species do neutrophils produce?

A
  • superoxide anions

- cytokines

38
Q

What role do oesinophils have in asthma?

A
  • contraction of smooth muscle of bronchi
  • mucus hypersecretion
  • airway inflammation
  • airway remodeling
39
Q

What factors do eosinophils synthesize?

A

leukotriene C4 and platelet activating factor

40
Q

Why can’t you usually see the nucleus in basophils?

A

obscured by cytoplasmic granules which stain intensely with azure blue

41
Q

What are basophil granules rich in?

A

heparin, histamine, SRS-A

42
Q

Which type of cell is involved in delayed hypersensitivity reactions?

A

basophils

43
Q

What happens in the basophilic immediate hypersensitivity reaction?

A

antigens stimulate plasma cells -> produce IgE -> IgE attached to basophils
-second rxn: degranulation of mast cells and basophils

44
Q

What factor do basophils produce?

A

eosinophilic chemotactic factor

45
Q

basophils share many cytochemical and pharmacological characteristics with ______

A

mast cells

46
Q

Which lymphocytes are activated my certain antigens?

A

large lymphocytes

47
Q

Which lymphocytes are humoral immunity, and which are cell mediated?

A

B lymphocytes = humoral

T lymphocytes = cell mediated

48
Q

what are immunoglobulins?

A

antibodies

49
Q

What two types of cells do activated B lymphocyte daughter cells differentiate into?

A
  • plasma cells (produce antibodies)

- memory B cells - respond more quickly open next exposure

50
Q

What do B lymphocytes have on their cell surface?

A

antigen receptors (immunoglobulin molecules)

51
Q

What do T cell receptors require?

A

antigen presenting cells

52
Q

T lymphocytes undergo _____ in response to antigenic stimulation

A

mitosis

53
Q

What 4 types of cells do T lymphocytes differentiate into?

A

memory T cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, helper T cells, suppressor (regulator) T cells

54
Q

What substances are in cytotoxic T lymphocytes? What do they do?

A
  • perforin - lyse target cells

- granzymes - induce apoptosis in target cells

55
Q

What type of cells produce lymphokines and are the target of HIV?

A

helper T cells

56
Q

What type of cells suppress response to foreign antigens and self molecules?

A

suppressor (regulator) T cells

57
Q

What kind of cells are natural killer (NK) cells?

A

large granular lymphocytes

58
Q

Do natural killer cells (large granular lymphocytes) have B or T cell surface molecules?

A

Neither

59
Q

What do natural killer cells (large granular lymphocytes) produce?

A

cytokines

60
Q

How do you distinguish monocytes?

A
  • vacuoles and azurophilic granules in cytoplasm

- abnormally shapes nucleus

61
Q

What do monocytes transform into?

A

macrophages

62
Q

where are blood platelets (thrombocytes) produced?

A

megakaryocytes in bone marrow

Microanatomy Unit 6 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions