respiratory system Flashcards
upper respiratory system consists of what
- nose
- pharynx
- oropharynx
lower respiratory system has what
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- lungs
first sign of respiratory development is where
reparatory diverticulum
distal end of the respiratory diverticulum firms what
the lung bud
the respiratory diverticulum eventually divides into..
tracheoesophageal folds
tracheoesophageal folds fuse in the midline to do what
form the tracheoesophageal septum
the forgut divides into a ventral and a dosal section what are they
trachea-venterally
esophagus- dorsally
the opening of the respiratory diverticulum into the foregut becomes
the laryngeal orifice
where do laryngeal muscles derive from where
endoderm
where do the laryngeal muscle derive from
somitomeric mesoderm of pharyngeal arches 4 and 6
laryngeal muscles are innervated by which nerve
CN X vagus
what are the four laryngeal cartilages
- thyroid
- cricoid
- artyenoid
- corniculate
- cuneiform
the laryngeal cartilages originate from were
mesoderm of the 4 and 6th pharyngeal arches
what is laryngeal atresia?
this is when the larynx fails to go through recanalization causing there to be an obstruction of the upper fetal airway
CHAOS
congenital high airway obstruction syndrome
what happens to the airway under the stenosis in laryngeal atreasia
it becomes enlarged and filled with fluid and there is fetal ascites ( accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity)
hydrops
accumulation of fluid in intracellular spaces and causes severe edema
endodermal lining of the layngeotracheal tube turns into what
the epithelium and glands of the trachea and pulmonary epithelium
what makes the cartilage of the trachea and the connective tissue and the muscles of the trachea
the splanchic mesenchyme
TEF- tracheoesophageal fistula
this is abnormal communication between trachea and esophagus
what is the most common anomaly of the lower respiratory system
TEF
what are some clinical features of TEF
- excessive accumulation of saliva and mucus in nose or mouth
- gagging and cyanosis after swallowing
- abdominal distension after crying
- reflux of gastric content to the lungs
when do the two bronchial buds enlarge to form main bronchi
week 5
main bronchi is divided into what
lobar bronchi
you can see the primary bronchi when
week 5
which main bronchus is larger
the right one
foreign bodies usually eneter which bronchus
the right
the visceral mesoderm that covers the bronchi develops into what
visceral pleura
somatic mesoderm from the inside of the body wall develops into what
parietal pluera
lobar bronchi (right and left) seperate into what
segmental bronchi
what aerates specific portions of the lung
segmental bronchi
Congenital Lobar Emphysema (CLE)
this is when there is overdistension of the pulmonary lobes with air. and deviates the mediastiunum
what are the four stages of lung develppment
- pseudoglandular stage(6-16)
- canalicular stage(16-26)
- terminal sac stage(26-birth)
- alveolar stage(32 weeks to 8 years old
what is aeration at birth
when the replacement of lung liquid with air in babies lung occurs
what is FRC filled with what in fetal stage,
liquid that is secreated by lung epithelium
hyaline membrane disease is the same as
RDS
what is hyaline membrane disease caused by
a deficency in surfactant
what coats the inside of the alveoli to maintain alveolar patency
surfactant
RDS is prevalent in who
premature infants
moms with diabetes
hypoxic fetus
multiple births
what is the site of proliferation neuronal and glial precursors in the brain
germinal matrix hemorrhage
what are some clinical signs of RDS
- dyspnea
- tachypnea
- inspiratory retraction of chest
- cyanosis
