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Embryology BLOCK 2 > Pharyngeal Arches > Flashcards

Pharyngeal Arches Flashcards

0
Q

The line in the middle of the tounge represents what

A

Where the mesoderm fused together

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1
Q

How many pharyngeal arches are there at birth, how many befor birth

A

5,6

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2
Q

Which is the only groove that is left open to form the external ear

A

Groove 1

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3
Q

What forms pharyngeal arches

A

Mesoderm and neuro crest cells

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4
Q

What differentiates into muscles and arteries

A

Mesoderm

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5
Q

What differentiates into connective tissue and bone

A

Neural crest cells

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6
Q

By the end of what week will you see 4 pharyngeal arches

A

Week 4

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7
Q

What are the engaging ions of the endoderm that lines the forgot

A

Pharyngeal pouches

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8
Q

What are the engaging tons of ectoderm

A

Pharyngeal grooves

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9
Q

What are the structures that consist of ectoderm, mesoderm and neural crest and endoderm located between each pharyngeal arch

A

Pharyngeal membranes

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10
Q

The first pharyngeal arch becomes what two prominences

A

Mandibular arch and maxillary arch

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11
Q

What is the mandible, squamous temporal bone

A

Mandibular prominence

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12
Q

The second pharyngeal arch or hyoid arch contributes with the third and fourth arch to form what

A

The hyoid bone

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13
Q

Stomodeum

A

Future mouth

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14
Q

What separates the stomodeum from the primordial pharynx

A

Oropharyngeal membrane

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15
Q

What comes together to form the mouth

A

Ectoderm and endoderm

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16
Q

What arises from the truncus arteriousus of the primordial for the heart and goes to the aorta

A

Artery

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17
Q

What goes from skeleton to arch

A

Cartilage

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18
Q

What differntiaties into muscle of head and neck

A

Muscular component

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19
Q

If you have four pharyngeal arches how old are you

A

32 weeks in development

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20
Q

What is the dorsal end of the first pharyngeal arch cartilage

A

Meckel cartilage

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21
Q

What is meckel cartilage related too

A

Developing ear

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22
Q

The malus and incus (middle ear bones) develop from what

A

The meckel cartilage in the first pharyngeal arch

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23
Q

When does the meckel cartilage disappear

A

When mandible develops around it by intra membranous ossification

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24
Q

What is the second pharyngeal arch cartilage called

A

Reichert cartilage

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25
Q

What gives rise to the stapes of the middle ear and the styloid process of the temporal bone

A

Reichert cartilage

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26
Q

The third pharyngeal arch cartilage ossifies to form what

A

The greater Cornu and the inferior part of the hyoid bone

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27
Q

The fascia skin is supplied by what nerve

A

CN 5 - trigeminal nerve

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28
Q

Nerve for first arch

A

Trigeminal nerve cn5

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29
Q

Nerve for 2nd arch

A

Cn 7 fascial nerve

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30
Q

Third arch has what nerve

A

Cn 9 glossopharyngeal nerve

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31
Q

What supplies the 4th pharyngeal arch

A

Cn 10 vagus nerve

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32
Q

What is the principle sensory nerve for the head and neck

A

Trigeminal nerve (5)

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33
Q

What does the trigeminal nerve innervate

A 
Face
Teeth
Mucous membrane of nasal cavities
Palate
Mouth 
Tounge
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34
Q

Muscles of fascial expression are innervated by what nerve

A

Cn 7 2nd arch

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35
Q

The distal part of the first pharyngeal pouch In contact with the first pharyngeal groove will give origin to what

A

Tympanic membrane

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36
Q

The first pharyngeal pouch expands into what

A

Tubotympanic recess

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37
Q

The cavity of the tubotympanic recess becomes what

A

Tympanic cavity and mastoid Antrum

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38
Q

The thymus developed from what and is derived form what

A
  • epithelial cells

- endoderm and 3rd arch

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39
Q

Is the thymus completely grown at birth

A

No

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40
Q

What does the thymus secrete

A

Thymic hormones and thymocytes ( future T cells)

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41
Q

The connection of the fourth pharyngeal pouch and pharynx does what

A

Degenerates

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42
Q

When do the superior parathyroid glands form

A

Week 6

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43
Q

Parathyroid regulates what

A

Fetal calcium metabolisim

44
Q

What is the first endocrine gland to develop in an embryo

A

Thyroid gland

45
Q

How soon does the thyroid gland begin to develop

A

24 days after fertilization

46
Q

What is the connection between tounge and the thyroid

A

Thyroglobulin duct

47
Q

Right and left lobes of the solid mass of cells of thymus is connected to what

A

Isthmus of the thyroid

48
Q

Part of the thyroglossal duct persists as what

A

Foremen cecum

49
Q

Thyroglossal duct cysts

A

Remnant persists and forms a cyst on the tounge usually under the hyoid bone

50
Q

Lingual cyst

A

Cyst located at the base of the tounge

51
Q

If the mass is connected to the thyroid duct then how will it move

A

Up and down

52
Q

Branchial or Pharyngeal Fistula

A

An abnormal canal that opens internally into the tonsilar sinus and externally on the side of the neck

Along sternocleidomastoid muscle

53
Q

Branchial cyst

A

This is where there is a remnant of the second pharyngeal groove. This cyst will enlarge due to accumulation of fluid or cellular debris, it is painless

54
Q

Branchial vestiges

A

This is when the pharyngeal cartilages fail to disappear and they can appear under the skin or on the side of the neck

55
Q

First arch syndrome

A

This is when there are anomalies of the ears eyes mandible and plate. This is due to the insufficient migration of neural crest cells into the first arch

56
Q

Two kinds of first arch syndrome

A

Treacher Collins

Pierre Robin Syndrome

57
Q

Treacher Collins

A

Defects of the lower eyelids and deformed external ears, has very smal mandible.

AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT GENE( needs 1)

58
Q

Pierre robin syndrome

A

AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE (needs 2)

Bilateral cleft lip
Defects of ear and eye
Hypoplasia of mandible

59
Q

What is the tounge innervated by

A

Cranial nerves

5,7,9 ,10

60
Q

Upper hyoid bone comes from

A

Second arch

61
Q

Lower hyoid bone comes from

62
Q

DiGeorge Syndrome

A

Third and fourth pharyngeal arches fail to differentiate into thymus and parathyroid glands. Fascial anomalies look like first arch syndrome.

There are cardiovascular anomalies due to abnormal neural crest cell migration

Immune deficient because of absence of thymus

Hypocalcemia due to parathyroid glands missing

63
Q

In what syndrome will you see congenital hypoparathyroidism and anomalies of the moth (fish mouth) low set notched ears, nasal clears, and cardiac abnormalities

A

DiGeorge syndrome

64
Q

Ectopic parathyroid glands are seen where

A

Near carotid arteries or in the thorax

65
Q

Parathyroid glands are usually where

A

Near or within the thyroid gland and thymus

66
Q

When does congenital hypothyroidism occur

A

When there is a thyroid deficiency during early fetal period because if a lack of dietary iodine

67
Q

In developed worlds what is known to detect congenital hyperthyroidism

A

Newborn screening program based on the measurement of TSH on the 2nd or 3rd day of life

68
Q

What is congenital hypothyroidism characterized by

A

Dry, rough skin and widest eyes and a flat broad nose and large protuberant tounge

69
Q

What are the two portions of the tounge in early stages of development

A

Oral part and pharyngeal part

70
Q

What separates the two parts of the tounge

A

Terminal sulcus ( v shaped depression)

71
Q

Oral part of the tounge forms from what

A

Median tongue bud

72
Q

What do the two distal tongue buds develop

A

The floor of the pharynx that is associated with the first pharyngeal arch

73
Q

Median sulcus

A

Where the distal tongue buds fuse with the median tongue buds

74
Q

What four things characterize the tounge

A
  • filiform papillae (no taste buds)
  • fungriform papillae ( taste buds)
  • Foliate papillae ( taste buds)
  • circumvallate papillae (taste buds)
75
Q

General sensation of the tounge come from

76
Q

Taste sensation comes form the

A

Fascial nerve

77
Q

What innervated the tongue muscles as they develop

A

Cn 7 hypoglossal nerve

78
Q

Pharyngeal part of the tounge forms what

A

Copula and hypo pharyngeal eminence

79
Q

What overviews the copula eliminating contribution of pharyngeal arch 2 in forming s definit adult toung

A

Hypo pharyngeal eminence

80
Q

Terminal sulcus

A

The line of fusion between oral and pharyngeal parts of the tounge

81
Q

What are some congenital anomalies of the tongue

A
  • fissuring of the tounge
  • macroglossia- large
  • microglossia-little
    Hypertrophy of lingual papillae
82
Q

Congenital lingual cyst and fistula scan produce what

A

Discomfort or dysphasia

83
Q

Macroglossia is a common symptom of what

A

Down’s syndrome

84
Q

What does the lingual frenulum do

A

Connects the inferior surface of the toung to the floor of the mouth

85
Q

Ankyloglossia

A

When the lingual frenulum is short and connects to the type of the tounge can inhibit breast feeding

86
Q

Bindi or cleft tongue ( glossoschisis)

A

Incomplete fusion of the lateral lingual swellings resulting in a deep midline groove.

Uncommon

87
Q

When does the primordial for the face appear

88
Q

What are the five fascial primordial

A
  • 1 frontonasal prominence
  • 2 maxillary prominences
  • 2 mandibukar prominences
89
Q

Nasal places ( bi lateral endodermal thickenings) invaginate into the mesoderm to form what

A

Nasal pits, producing the ridge that forms the medial nasal prominence and the lateral nasal prominence

90
Q

What forms between the maxillary prominence and the lateral nasal prominence

A

Nasolacrimal groove

91
Q

What are the two stages that the palate develops into

A

Primary palate and secondary palate

92
Q

The intermaxillary segment forms the

A

Primary palate, philtrum and four incisor teeth

93
Q

The secondary palate forms form what

A

The outgrowths of the maxillary prominences called palatine shelves

94
Q

Where do the primary and secondary palates form to fuse into the definite palate

A

At the incisive foramen

95
Q

Bone in the mouth does not develop where

A

Posterior part of secondary palate where the soft palate and uvula are

96
Q

What fuses with the definite palate and develops from the medial nasal prominences

A

Nasal septum

97
Q

What is the most common craniofascial anomaly

A

The cleft lip and cleft palate

98
Q

What is it called when palatine shelves fail to fuse with primary palate

A

Anterior cleft anomalies

99
Q

What is it called when the palatine shelves fail to fuse with each Other and with the nasal septum

A

Posterior cleft palate

100
Q

Combination of anterior cleft anomalies and posterior cleft palate is called

A

Anteroposterior cleft plate

101
Q

What is the most common congenital malformation of the head and neck

A

Unilateral cleft palate

102
Q

When the maximally prominence fails to fuse with the medial nasal prominence it is called

And also if the neural crest cells and underlying mesoderm fail to expand resulting in a persistent landslide groove

A

Unilateral cleft lip

103
Q

When the mesenchymal masses in both maxillary prominences fail to meet with the medial nasal prominences it’s called

A

Bilateral cleft lip

104
Q

Bilateral cleft lip affects what oral muscles that allows one to open and close the moth

A

Orbicularis oris muscle

105
Q

What is known as the maximum degree of clefting

A

Complete cleft palate

106
Q

What cause is it that the cleft extends through the soft palate and the incisive fosa

A

Complete cleft lip

107
Q

When can fetal face be identified in a sonography? So you can see if they have cleft lip

A

2nd trimester

Embryology BLOCK 2 (4 decks)

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