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Physiology > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

0
Q

Functions
Of
Respiratory system

A
  1. Gas exchange
  2. Move air in & out of the body-due to muscle contractions
  3. Protection–WBCs in lungs, many diseases are airborne
  4. Olfaction–smell
  5. Speech/sounds
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1
Q

What is the respiratory system based on?

A

Pressure differences

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2
Q

Respiratory System

Anatomy

A

2 lungs
- right lobe (3 sections) - larger than left because of position of heart
- left lobe (2 sections)-lower lung capacity than right lung
Thoracic cavity–closed chamber
Serous membrane - connective tissue- helps creates air pressure
-visceral pleura-on lung
-pleural fluid
-parietal pleural

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3
Q

Pathway
Of
Air Flow

A
  • Nostrils
  • Nasal Cavity
  • Pharynx (throat)
  • Larynx (vocal cords) - cartilage
  • Trachea - cartilage
  • Bronchi (primary, secondary, tertiary) - cartilage
  • Bronchioles (controls air coming in & out) - smooth muscle
  • Alveoli (air sacs) - where gas exchange occurs - simple squamous epithelium
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4
Q

What is Breathing based on?

A

pressure-greater or less than atmospheric air

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5
Q

Characteristics
Of
Inhaling/inspiration

A 
Active process
Muscle contracting
Intercostal muscles - between ribs
-pulls thoracic cavity outward
-diaphragm contracts-when it moves down, it increases air volume in thoracic cavity
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6
Q

Atmospheric air pressure

Pressure in lungs

A

760 mm Hg

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7
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

As volume goes up, pressure goes down (ex: inhalation)

As volume goes down, pressure goes up (ex: exhalation)

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8
Q

Characteristics
Of
Exhale/Expiration

A

Passive process
Muscles relax
Diaphragm moves up, it decreases air volume in thoracic cavity

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9
Q

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure

A

In a gas mixture, each gas exhibits it’s own partial pressure.
The total gas pressure is the sum of the partial pressures.

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10
Q

Percentages

Of the

4 Gases in the Air we breath

A

Air 760mmHg
Nitrogen (78%). 597mmHg
Oxygen (21%). 160mmHg
Carbon Dioxide (.033%). 0.25mmHg
Water (varies). ?
_________________________________
Total. 760 mm Hg

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11
Q

Diffusion has what effect on pressure?

A

Goes from higher pressure to lower pressure & vice versa

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12
Q

Henry’s Law

A

Each gas has a Soluability co-efficient
How quickly it can go into a liquid/water environment

CO2 = .57 - most soluable
O2 = .024
N2 = .012 - least soluable
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13
Q

Oxygen Transport

A

2% dissolved in plasma

98% on hemoglobin
Oxyhemoglobin is fully saturated

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14
Q

Carbon dioxide Transport

A

7% dissolved in plasma

23% on hemoglobin
Carbaminohemoglobin

70% as bicarbonate (HCO-3)
Ion in blood plasma

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15
Q

Factors that affect O2 unloading

A
  1. Temperature - increase temp.; speeds up chemical process
  2. More CO2 release, release more H+; increases O2 unloading
  3. Increase in acidity (7.4 pH avg.) (ex. Decrease of pH to 7.2)
16
Q

Examples of breathing disorders

A
  • punctured lung
  • mucous build up on bronchioles will effect gas exchange on alveoli
  • breathing chemicals, can break down alveoli membrane, which means less gas exchange because less surface area
  • fibrosis-less flexible connective tissue develops on lung lining
17
Q

What are the events during Inspiration

A
  • Diaphragm & external intercostal muscles contract
  • volume of thoracic cavity increases
  • intrapleural pressure becomes more negative
  • lungs expand
  • intra pulmonary pressure becomes more negative
  • air flows into the lungs
18
Q

What are the events of expiration?

A
  • diaphragm & external costal muscles relax
  • volume of thoracic cavity decreases
  • intrapleural pressure becomes less negative
  • lungs recoil
  • intra pulmonary pressure rises above atmospheric pressure
  • air flows out of lungs
19
Q

What happens during External Respiration?

A

CO2 diffuses from capillaries into alveoli

O2 diffuses from alveoli into capillaries

20
Q

What happens during Internal Respiration?

A

O2 diffuses from systemic capillaries into cells

CO2diffuses from cells into systemic capillaries

Depends on:

  • available surface area, which varies in different tissues
  • Partial pressure gradients
  • Rate of blood flow varies
21
Q

Effects of ACH
On
Bronchioles

A

Decreases airflow

Increased resistance

22
Q

Effects of histamine
On
Bronchioles

A

Increase airway resistance

Decreased airflow

23
Q

Effects of epinephrine
On
Bronchioles

A

Dilates bronchioles
Decreases airway resistance
Increases airflow

24
Q

Describe respiratory membrane

A

Structure-combo of thin epithelial walls of alveolus cells and thin endothelial wall of blood capillary with shared basement membrane.

Function-provides surface for diffusion of gases between alveolus & blood in capillary

25
Q

Explain how fluid on alveoli would interfere with gas exchange

A

Increases the distance over which gases must exchange & slows down exchange (ex: pulmonary edema)

26
Q

How would gas exchange be altered if air that we breathed in contained a partial pressure of 30mm Hg of CO2?

A

Since more CO2 is on the alveoli, then O2 loading will decrease

27
Q

Why does there need to be a higher pressure difference of partial pressures of O2 in order to unload O2 onto hemoglobin?

A

Because O2 is larger & less soluble than CO2, so more pressure is needed to force O2 on to hemoglobin. Once one-O2 molecule moves on to hemoglobin, the other 3-O2s follow quickly. This is called cooperative binding.

28
Q

Tidal Volume

A

500ml

Amount of air that enters the lungs during a normal, quiet inspiration. The same volume leaves the lungs during a normal expiration

29
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

A

3100ml

Amount of air inhaled can be increased by more forceful contractions of the diaphragm & external intercostal muscles. (During forced inspiration, the volume of air inspired over & above the tidal volume

30
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume

A

1200 ml

Amount of air exhaled can be increased by contraction of the internal intercostal muscles, external & internal obliques, & the rectus & transversus abdominis. (During forced expiration, the volume of air expired over & above the tidal volume)

31
Q

Residual Volume

A

1200 ml

Even after the most forceful expiration, some air remains in the lungs. The residual air prevents the lungs from collapsing. Because residual air remains in the lungs at all times, newly inhaled air is always mixed with air that is partially depleted oxygen

32
Q

Vital Capacity

A

4800 ml

Maximum amount of air a person can exhale after taking the deepest breath possible

VC = TV + IRV + ERV

33
Q

What is the function of the Type 2 cell in the alveolus?

A

Produces surfactant, which is a chemical that reduces surface tension of H2O

34
Q

What does respiratory membrane consist of?

A
  1. Alveolar epithelium (type 1 cells)-simple squamous epithelium. Gases move across
  2. Basement Membrane - all epithelium has a basement membrane
  3. Endothelium of the capillary-simple squamous epithelium. Is in every blood vessel, arteries, capillaries, & veins
35
Q

Describe everything that is happening

In

Internal Respiration
(Cell to blood)

A

Amount of CO2 released from cells to the body is key

7% CO2 dissolves in plasma
23% CO2 combines with hemoglobin on RBC
70% CO2 combines with H2O, 
makes carbonic acid H2CO3, 
interacts with carbonic anhydrase, 
which breaks into H + HCO3
Chloride shift - HCO3 released into plasma & Cl- goes into RBC
36
Q

Describe everything that is happening

In

Internal Respiration
(Blood to cell)

A

2% O2 in plasma diffuses to cell

H+ from break up of carbonic acid combines with hemoglobin
Creates O2 + H + Hb
O2 carried on hemoglobin

98% O2 on hemoglobin
Chloride shift - HCO3 (from RBC to plasma) & Cl- (from plasma to RBC)

37
Q

Describe everything that is happening

In

External Respiration
(Alveoli to blood)

A

Pressure of O2 is the key

98% O2 combines with hemoglobin on RBC

2%. O2 diffuses into plasma

38
Q

Describe everything happening

In

External Respiration
(Blood to alveoli)

A

7%. CO2 diffuses from plasma

23%. CO2 from hemoglobin on RBC

70%. Comes from chloride shift, that turns back into carbonic acid, then CO2 + H2O
Chloride shift - HCO3 (from plasma to RBC) & Cl- (from RBC to plasma)

Physiology (13 decks)

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