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Physiology > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

0
Q

Define filteration

A

Water & substances moving through a membrane

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1
Q

Functions

Of

Urinary System

A
  1. Filters Blood plasma, not formed elements
  2. Regulate blood pH, volume, pressure, and # of RBCs
  3. Release erythropoietin - increase RBCs production
  4. Release renin (systemic vasoconstriction) - constricts all blood vessels in the body. Increases blood pressure. Ex: may be released while in shock
  5. Production of urine (waste). Urine is a representation of plasma
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2
Q

Anatomy

Of

Urinary System

A 
Renal artery-delivers blood to kidneys
2 kidneys-anchored by retro peritoneal
2 ureters
Bladder
Urethra
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3
Q

Nephron

A

Responsible for functionality of the entire kidney

Main functional unit of the kidney

A million nephrons in each kidney

Each afferent arteriole feeds into a nephron

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4
Q

Where does filtration occur?

A

Glomerulus

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5
Q

Characteristics
Of
Glomerulus

A
  • Fenestrated endothelium- gaps in lining
  • Surrounded by podocytes (footed process that wraps outside of glomerulus capillaries)
  • Plasma travels through filtration slits between the podocytes
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6
Q

What does Filtration Membrane consist of?

A

Found in the glomerulus

  1. Fenestrated endothelium-water & dissolved substances go through
  2. Basement membrane
  3. Filtration slits-formed from podocytes
    Most limiting structure of filtration membrane
    More narrow than fenestrated endothelium
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7
Q

Quantity of filtrate

Produced by kidneys

A

125 ml/min

180 L/day

Filtrate is collected in the Bowman’s capillaries

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8
Q

What are 2 primary functions of the kidney?

A

Excretion-H2O, waste products, & solutes in the blood

Regulation-plasma osmolarity, plasma volume, pH balance, electrolyte balance

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9
Q

What are the components of the renal corpuscle?

A

Bowman’s capsule

Glomerulus capillaries

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10
Q

What is filtrate?

A

Filtered plasma

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11
Q

What is BHP?

A

Blood Hydrostatic Pressure

Aka: blood pressure

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12
Q

What is BOP?

A

Blood Osmotic Pressure

Due to all the non-diffusable elements pulling water towards it

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13
Q

What is CHP?

A

Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure

Fluids inside Bowman’s capsule (filtrate) creates a pressure

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14
Q

Function & location of macula densa cells

A

In distal convoluted tubule, where DCT is between afferent arteriole & efferent arteriole

Monitor how fast or slow filtrate is moving & what is in the filtrate

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15
Q

Location & Function

Of

Juxtaglomerular cells

A

In afferent & efferent arterioles

Stimulates arterioles to constrict or dilate
Effects blood pressure & net filtration rate
Adjustments to flow rate effects net filtration pressure

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16
Q

Parts & function

Of

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

A

Juxtaglomerular cells
Macula densa cells

Responsible for Renal auto-regulation
Allows for constant flow rate

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17
Q

3 Methods of Regulating GFR

A

Glomerular filtration rate

  1. JG Complex- renal auto-regulation system
  2. Nervous System-stimulates arterioles to constrict or relax
  3. Renin Angiotensin system-triggered by drop in blood pressure. Kicks in during trauma or shock
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18
Q

3 organs of the body that control

Angiotensin

A
  1. Hypothalamus-controls H2O balance in the body. Stimulates thirst center.
  2. Cause adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone. Aldosterone causes kidneys to reabsorb Na+,then H2O follows
  3. Posterior pituitary gland- release anti-diarretic hormone (ADH). Causes H2O re absorption, which influences blood pressure & volume.
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19
Q

3 Major Processes of Kidneys

A
  1. Filtration-filter plasma in glomerulus
  2. Reabsorption-filtrate moves back into capillaries
  3. Secretion-substances are moved from blood capillaries into the nephron tubule
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20
Q

Steps in the renin angiotensin system

A
  1. JG cells release renin
  2. Renin acts on
  3. Angiotensinogen (plasma protein produced by liver) converts to
  4. Angiotenson I - ACE(angiotenson converting enzymes)
  5. Angiotenson 2 - systemic vasoconstrictor - most powerful in the body
21
Q

Amount of filtrate throughout re absorption process

A

-125 ml/min
-Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
-40 ml/min
-Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
20 ml/min
- collecting duct - 0.5 ml

22
Q

Amount of solutes reabsorbed

In

Proximal convoluted tubule

A 
65%. H2O
65%. Na+
50%. K+, Cl-
All glucose & amino acids
Urea
Uric acid
90% HCO3 - bicarbonate ions - buffer
85% of filtrate is reabsorbed
23
Q

What slows down filtrate production?

A

Constriction of afferent arteriole
&
Dilation of efferent arteriole

24
Q

What increases filtration production?

A

Dilation of afferent arteriole
&
Constriction of efferent arteriole

25
Q

Net Filtration of Pressure amount

A

10 mm Hg

26
Q

What happens in the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus?

A
  1. Macula densa cells of DCT (distal convoluted tubule) - innervates
  2. Juxtaglomerular cells-innervates
  3. Stimulate arterioles - either constrict or dilate
27
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

Produced by adrenal cortex

Causes kidneys to reabsorb Na+, then H2O

28
Q

What does ADH (anti-diarretic hormone) do?

A

Released by posterior pituitary gland

Causes H2O reabsorption, which influences BP & volume

29
Q

What type of transport are

Used in Re-absorption

In

Proximal convoluted tubule

A
  • Active transport-Na+/K+ pump
  • passive transport/diffusion - Na+
  • secondary active transport-co-transport-Na+ & amino acids, Na+ & glucose
  • osmosis
30
Q

Re-absorption

Loop of henle - descending limb

A

Only H2O re-absorbed

20% of total h2O re-absorbed

31
Q

Re-absorption

Loop of henle - ascending limb

A

Salts only reabsorbed
K+, Na+, Cl-

20% of total salts re-absorbed

32
Q

Define Secretion

Where does it occur?

What elements are secreted?

1 of the 3 processes of the kidneys

A

Substances moving from blood capillary to the renal tubule. Gives the body a back up plan because not all substances are removed with filtration.

Happens mostly in DCT & CT, some in the PCT

H+(to lower acidity of blood)
NH3 (ammonia)
Urea
Uric acid

33
Q

PH of urine

A

pH 5-8

34
Q

Countercurrent mechanism

A

Blood in the vasa recta moves in the opposite direction as filtrate in the loop of henle

  • filtrate entering the descending limb becomes progressively more concentrated as it loses H2O
  • blood in the vasa recta removes H2O leaving loop of henle
  • ascending limb pumps out Na+, K+, & Cl-, & becomes hyposmotic
35
Q

Hormone produced in the heart

A

Natriuretic peptide

Blocks ADH & aldosterone functions

36
Q

% of fluids

In

Extra cellular fluid

A

40% of total body fluids
300 mOsM
(280 mOsM is Na+)

80% interstitial fluids
20% plasma

Na+ (90% of ECF), Cl-, HCO3

37
Q

% of fluids

In

Intercellular fluids

A

60 % of total body fluids
300 mOsM

K+, anions, PO4 (phosphorus)

38
Q

Percentage of H2O in the body

A

86%

Can’t live without h2O for longer than 3 days

39
Q

Input of H2O

A

Liquids. 60%

Foods. 30%

Metabolism 10% (electron transport chain)

40
Q

Output of H2O

A

Urine. 60%
Feces. 4%
Sweat. 8%
Insensible. 28%. Lungs & skin (evaporation of sweat)

41
Q

Function of hypothalamus

A

Homeostatic center of the body
Connected to posterior pituitary gland
Controls thirst center- H2O levels
Release ADH/vasopressin

ADH triggered by:

  • Increase plasma osmolarity over 300mOsM
  • Low blood volume
  • Low blood pressure
42
Q

Causes of dehydration

A

Happens more often than too much fluid

  • lack of intake
  • heat/overheated-sweating
  • diarrhea
  • swallowing problems
  • exercising
  • bleeding
43
Q

Below 300 mOsM represents

A

Too much H2O

44
Q

Above 300 mOsM

A

Release ADH - anti diarretic hormone

45
Q

Causes of hydration (too much fluid)

A

Hypotonic hydration

Renal failure
Hormonal imbalances
Rapid intake of H2O
CHF-congested heart failure

46
Q

What is solvent drag?

A

H2O is the solvent & it drags solutes with it

47
Q

What do the renal pyramids consist of?

A

Loop of Henle

&

Collecting ducts

48
Q

What would happen if the
Posterior pituitary gland released
Too much ADH ?

A

There would be a decrease in urine

Increase in osmolarity due to re absorbing H2O would cause a higher concentration of solutes.

49
Q

Structural features that can effect the filtration membrane

A
  • fused filtration slits
  • thicker basal membrane
  • surface area of glomerulus
  • 1 kidney
50
Q

3 Systems that maintain pH

A

1) . Buffer systems- chemical response (quickest)
- Bicarbonate - most common (takes just seconds)
- protein buffers
- phosphate

2) . Respiratory system (takes 1-3 minutes)
3) . Urinary System (takes hours/days)

Physiology (13 decks)

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