Lab Final Flashcards
Albuminuria
Albumin (blood proteins) in urine. Indication of abnormally increased permeability of glomerular filtration membrane
Causes: excessive exertion, pregnancy, over abundant protein intake, kidney trauma, bacterial toxins, ingestion of heavy metals, & hypertension
Glucosuria
Glucose in urine.
May result from excessively high carb diets or uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
Ketonuria
Ketones in urine
Ketones are intermediate products of fat metabolism
Causes: starvation, diabetes mellitus, low carb diets
Hematuria
RBCs in Urine
Causes: kidney stones, bacterial infections, & physical trauma to kidneys
Hemoglobinuria
Hemoglobin in urine
Causes: hemolytic anemia, transfusion reaction, burns, or renal disease
Bilirubinuria
Bilirubin in urine
Yellow foam forms when urine sample is shaken
Causes: hepatitis or cirrhosis
Urobilinogen
Produced in intestine from bilirubin & gives feces brown color.
Absence of urobilinogen may indicate renal disease or obstruction of bile flow in the liver
What do nitrites in urine indicate?
A bacterial infection like e. Coli
Pyuria
WBC’s in urine
Indicates inflammation in the urinary tract
Casts
Hardened cell fragments, which form in the DCT & collecting ducts
Define Diabetes Mellitus
Type 1 - little or no insulin. Aka: juvenile diabetes
Type 2 - insulin is not working; ketosis is uncommon
- Insulin picks up sugar, the dump sugar into diff cells of he body (fat cells, liver cells, muscle cells).
- Sugar reacts with with receptors on the cells.
- Receptor sites are clogged or shut down, so sugar doesn’t have contact with receptor sites
- Body releases more insulin to try to rectify the problem
Normal values for fasting
Blood glucose levels
109 mg/dL or less
80-120 mg/dL normal range-not fasting
Glucose transporters
Glut 2 vs. Glut 4
Glucose transporters are a family of membrane transport proteins that mediate facilitated diffusion of glucose transport from a high to low concentration
Glut 2 transporters are insulin-independent. Ex: hepatocytes, kidneys, intestines. Insulin activates hexokinase, which phosphoroylates glucose to keep free glucose lower in the ICF than the ECG so that glucose continuously diffuses into the cell
Glut 4 transporters are insulin dependent or regulated by insulin. Ex: adipocytes, resting skeletal muscle, most body cells. Insulin binds to receptors, causing vesicles containing carriers come to fuse with plasma membrane
Tidal Volume
500ml
Amount of air that enters the lungs during a normal, quiet inspiration. The same volume leaves the lungs during a normal expiration
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
3100ml
Amount of air inhaled can be increased by more forceful contractions of the diaphragm & external intercostal muscles. (During forced inspiration, the volume of air inspired over & above the tidal volume
