Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ACRS > Respiratory System 2: Anatomy of breathing > Flashcards

Respiratory System 2: Anatomy of breathing Flashcards

1
Q

What regulates respiration?

A

Movements of the thoracic wall and the diaphragm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What happens during resting inspiration (quiet breathing)?

A

The diaphragm contracts, causing it to flatten.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What occurs during forced inspiration?

A

The diaphragm contracts, and the thoracic wall expands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What happens to intrathoracic volume during inspiration?

A

It increases in the vertical, transverse, and anteroposterior dimensions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What happens to intrathoracic pressure during inspiration?

A

It decreases, drawing air into the lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during expiration?

A

It relaxes and moves superiorly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What happens to the lungs during expiration?

A

What happens to the lungs during expiration?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does intrathoracic volume and pressure change during expiration?

A

Intrathoracic volume decreases, and pressure increases, expelling air.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

difference between bucket handle and pump handle

A

It describes the lateral movement of the ribs, increasing the transverse diameter of the thoracic cavity during inspiration.

It describes the anterior movement of the sternum, increasing the anteroposterior diameter of the thoracic cavity during inspiration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the usual diaphragm excursion during quiet breathing?

A

1.5 cm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How far can the diaphragm move during deep ventilation?

A

6 to 10 cm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What factors affect the level of the diaphragm?

A

Depth and phase of ventilation, as well as posture.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When does the diaphragm perform the greatest ventilatory excursions?

A

When the body is in a supine position.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens to the diaphragm’s position when the body is in an erect posture?

A

It becomes lower, decreasing the movement required for breathing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which dome of the diaphragm is higher, and why?

A

The right dome is higher because of the liver’s position beneath it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does posture affect the diaphragm during normal breathing?

A

In a supine position, the diaphragm performs greater excursions; in an erect posture, movement decreases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which nerves supply the right and left domes of the diaphragm?

A

The right and left phrenic nerves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happens if there is an injury to one phrenic nerve?

A

Only the ipsilateral (same side) dome of the diaphragm is affected.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the symptoms of unilateral diaphragm paralysis?

A

It is often asymptomatic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the consequences of bilateral diaphragm paralysis?

A

It usually leads to respiratory distress, and the role of accessory respiratory muscles becomes significant.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How does paralyzed inspiration appear compared to normal inspiration?

A

The affected dome does not contract and remains elevated during inspiration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why does the paralyzed dome remain elevated during inspiration?

A

The paralyzed dome cannot contract due to nerve injury.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What compensates for diaphragm dysfunction in cases of bilateral paralysis?

A

Accessory respiratory muscles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What allows the downward movement of the diaphragm during respiration?

A

The extensibility of the abdominal wall, which allows the abdominal viscera to be compressed and displaced.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which muscles are important for forced expiration (e.g., during coughing)?

A

The anterior wall abdominal muscles, including the external oblique, internal oblique, rectus abdominis, and transversus abdominis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the role of the external oblique (EO) and rectus abdominis (RA) during forced expiration?

A

They pull the ribcage inferiorly by contracting and attaching to the hip bone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the function of the transversus abdominis (TA) in respiration?

A

It compresses the abdominal cavity and assists with the elevation of the diaphragm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What structure is shown connecting the abdominal muscles to enhance their function?

A

The aponeurosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the role of neck muscles in respiration?

A

Neck muscles attaching to the thoracic inlet hold up the ribcage, acting against gravity to prevent the chest wall from being depressed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the main neck muscles involved in respiration?

A

Scalene muscles

Sternocleidomastoid muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Why do runners bend over to grab their knees after intense exercise?

A

To use accessory muscles of respiration, such as the pectoral muscles, to maximize breathing by stabilizing the upper limbs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the primary action of the pectoral muscles during accessory respiration?

A

They elevate the ribcage to assist in breathing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What happens when the upper limbs are stabilized by holding the knees?

A

The pectoral muscles can function as accessory respiratory muscles instead of performing their primary actions related to limb movement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How does bending over reduce the effect of gravity on the chest wall?

A

It minimizes the gravitational pull that tends to depress the chest wall, aiding respiration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the two pectoral muscles involved in accessory respiration?

A

Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the primary role of external intercostal muscles?

A

They are active during inspiration and help elevate the ribs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What function do all intercostal muscles share?

A

They keep intercostal spaces rigid, preventing them from collapsing or bulging during respiration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the 2 debated roles of internal and innermost intercostal muscles?

A

They may elevate the ribs during inspiration.

They may depress the ribs.

39
Q

How are the interosseous internal intercostal muscles classified functionally?

A

They are expiratory.

40
Q

How are the interchondral internal intercostal muscles classified functionally?

A

They are inspiratory, based on experimental evidence from electrical activity recordings.

41
Q

What happens to the ribs during inspiration with the help of external intercostal muscles?

A

The ribs are elevated.

42
Q

What happens to the ribs during expiration with the help of internal intercostal muscles?

A

The ribs are depressed.

43
Q

Where does the trachea begin and end?

A

It begins inferior to the larynx and ends at the tracheal bifurcation.

44
Q

What is the structure of the trachea?

A

It consists of C-rings of tracheal (hyaline) cartilage, closed posteriorly by connective tissues and smooth (trachealis) muscle.

45
Q

What are the main divisions of the bronchi from the trachea?

A

Left and right main bronchi

Lobar bronchi (two on the left, three on the right)

Segmental bronchi

46
Q
A
47
Q
A
48
Q
A
49
Q
A
50
Q
A
51
Q
A
52
Q
A
53
Q
A
54
Q
A
55
Q
A
56
Q
A
57
Q
A
58
Q
A
59
Q

How does the right bronchus differ from the left?

A

The right main bronchus has three lobar bronchi, while the left has two.

60
Q
A
61
Q

How are the lobes of the lungs further subdivided?

A

Into bronchopulmonary segments.

62
Q

how many lobes does the right lung have?

A

Three lobes: superior, middle, and inferior.

63
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have?

A

Two lobes: superior and inferior.

64
Q

What is a bronchopulmonary segment?

A

A subdivision of a lobe, each receiving a segmental bronchus and a segmental artery.

65
Q

What are the 3 segments in the superior lobe of the right lung?

A

Segment I
Segment II
Segment III

66
Q

What are the 2 segments in the middle lobe of the right lung?

A

Segment IV
Segment V

67
Q

What are the 5 segments in the inferior lobe of the right lung?

A

Segment VI
Segment VII
Segment VIII
Segment IX
Segment X

68
Q

What is unique about the left lung’s superior lobe?

A

It includes the lingula, which corresponds to segments IV and V.

69
Q

What 4 segments are found in the inferior lobe of the left lung?

A

Segment VI
Segments VII + VIII (combined)
Segment IX
Segment X

70
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments does each lung have?

A

Ten segments.

71
Q

What defines the boundaries of bronchopulmonary segments?

A

The branching pattern of the segmental bronchi.

72
Q

Are the segmental boundaries visible on the lung surface?

A

No, the segmental boundaries are not visible on the lung surface.

73
Q

Why is knowledge of bronchopulmonary segments important in surgery?

A

Tumors or abscesses often localize in a specific bronchopulmonary segment, which can be surgically resected.

74
Q

What is a segmentectomy?

A

The surgical removal of a single bronchopulmonary segment.

75
Q

What is a lobectomy?

A

The surgical removal of an entire lobe of the lung.

76
Q

What is a pneumonectomy?

A

The surgical removal of an entire lung.

77
Q

How does the right main bronchus differ from the left?

A

The right main bronchus is more vertical and wider than the left, making it easier to view with an endoscope.

78
Q

What is the carina?

A

A ridge of cartilage on the inner surface of the tracheal bifurcation, serving as an important landmark during bronchoscopy.

79
Q

Where is the carina located?

A

Slightly to the left of the median plane of the trachea.

80
Q

Why do foreign bodies often enter the right main bronchus?

A

Because it is more vertical and wider than the left main bronchus.

81
Q

What is the tracheal bifurcation?

A

The point where the trachea divides into the left and right main bronchi.

82
Q

What is the significance of the carina in medical procedures?

A

It is used as a landmark during bronchoscopy to navigate the airway anatomy.

83
Q

What are the two principal parts of the bronchial tree?

A

Conducting part (blue)
Respiratory part (pink)

84
Q

How does the amount of cartilage change along the bronchial tree?

A

It decreases toward the distal end and disappears completely at the level of the bronchiole.

85
Q

What distinguishes a conducting bronchiole from a respiratory bronchiole?

A

Conducting bronchioles lack glands and alveoli, while respiratory bronchioles have alveoli.

86
Q

What is the final conducting segment of the bronchial tree called?

A

Terminal bronchiole.

87
Q

What structures are part of the respiratory portion of the bronchial tree?

A

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs with alveoli

88
Q

Where do pulmonary alveoli begin to appear?

A

As extensions from the lumens of respiratory bronchioles.

89
Q

What is the basic structural unit of gas exchange in the lungs?

A

Pulmonary alveoli.

90
Q

How many alveolar ducts does each respiratory bronchiole give rise to?

A

2–11 alveolar ducts.

91
Q

What do alveolar ducts lead to?

A

5–6 alveolar sacs where clusters of alveoli open.

92
Q

What type of epithelium composes the alveolar walls?

A

Thin simple squamous epithelium.

93
Q
A

ACRS (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions