Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ACRS > Chest wall > Flashcards

Chest wall Flashcards

1
Q

What is the thorax?

A

Thorax is the part of the body found inferior (below) to the neck and superior (above) to the abdomen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the thoracic cavity outlines and bounded by

A

The thoracic cavity is essentially outlined and bounded by the bony skeleton
- Sternum - anteriorly
- Ribcage (ribs + costal cartilages) - laterally
- Thoracic vertebrae – posteriorly
- Diaphragm – inferiorly (red dotted line)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the sternum, and where is it located?

A

The sternum is a flat and elongated bone found on the anterior aspect of the thoracic cage. It offers protection for much of the heart and other mediastinal viscera.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the three parts of the sternum?

A

Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process

These parts are linked together by secondary cartilaginous joints.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the manubriosternal joint, and what does it form?

A

The manubriosternal joint is a symphysis joint that forms the sternal angle, an important surface landmark projecting as a ridge.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why is the sternal angle clinically significant?

A

The sternal angle serves as an important surface landmark for identifying rib levels and anatomical structures within the thoracic cavity.

In the elderly, this joint begins to cease, and this impedes breathing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the xiphisternal joint, and what is its characteristic?

A

The xiphisternal joint is a synchondrosis joint. It typically appears fused along with the manubriosternal joint in adults.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are 3 the anatomical features of the manubrium?

A

The manubrium includes the:

Clavicular notch
First costal notch
Jugular notch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the body of the sternum and its key features.

A

The body of the sternum includes the:

Sternal angle
Second through seventh costal notches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the xiphoid process, and where is it located?

A

The xiphoid process is the smallest and most inferior portion of the sternum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What joints of the sternum typically appear fused in adults?

A

The xiphisternal joint and the manubriosternal joint typically appear fused in adults.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the joint between the manubrium and the body?

A
  • The joint between the manubrium and the body is the sternal angle (or angle of Louis).
  • This joint forms an important hinge for movements of the rib cage.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the significance of the sternal angle in rib and intercostal space counting?

A

The sternal angle marks the articulation of the second rib, which is used as a reference point for counting ribs and intercostal spaces.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does the sternal angle divide the mediastinum?

A

The sternal angle divides the mediastinum into the superior mediastinum and the inferior mediastinum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What 4 anatomical structures are marked by the level of the sternal angle?

A

The sternal angle marks the level of:

  • Bifurcation of the trachea
  • End of the ascending aorta
  • Beginning and end of the arch of the aorta
  • Beginning of the superior vena cava
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How many pairs of ribs do humans have, and how are they classified?

A

Humans have 12 pairs of ribs, which can be classified in two different ways.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which ribs are considered “typical ribs”?

A

Ribs 3rd to 9th are considered “typical ribs.”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 2 features of the head of a typical rib?

A

The head of a typical rib has two facets (flat surfaces)
1. One facet articulates with the numerically corresponding vertebra.
2. The other facet articulates with the vertebra superior to it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the function of the neck in a typical rib?

A

The neck connects the head of the rib with its body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the role of the tubercle in a typical rib?

A

The tubercle has a facet (flat surface) that articulates with the transverse process of the numerically corresponding vertebra.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The body of a typical rib has two key features:

A
  • At the costal angle, the rib turns anterolaterally.
  • It has a costal groove along the inferior border that protects the intercostal nerve and vessels.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are atypical ribs, and which ribs are classified as such?

A

Atypical ribs include the 1st, 2nd, and 10th–12th ribs because their structure and articulations differ from the typical ribs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the features of the 1st rib.

A

The 1st rib is short and flat, with its head articulating only with the T1 vertebra. It also has the following notable features:

Groove for the subclavian artery
Groove for the subclavian vein
Tubercle for the anterior scalene muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe the features of the 2nd rib.

A

The 2nd rib has the following characteristics:

Two articulating facets at its head for articulation with the bodies of T1 and T2 vertebrae.
A tuberosity for the serratus anterior muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is unique about the 10th–12th ribs?

A

The 10th–12th ribs (and sometimes the 10th rib) have only one facet on their heads and articulate with a single vertebra.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How many pairs of ribs do humans have, and how are they classified?

A

Humans have 12 pairs of ribs, classified into:

True ribs (1st–7th)
False ribs (8th–10th)
Floating ribs (11th and 12th)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are true ribs, and how do they attach to the sternum?

A

True ribs (vertebrosternal ribs) are the 1st to 7th ribs. They attach directly to the sternum through their own costal cartilages.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are false ribs, and how do they attach to the sternum?

A

False ribs (vertebrochondral ribs) are the 8th, 9th, and 10th ribs. They attach indirectly to the sternum as their costal cartilages connect to the cartilage of the rib above them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are floating ribs, and what distinguishes them from other ribs?

A

Floating ribs (11th and 12th ribs) have no connection to the sternum. They are free at their anterior ends and lack costal cartilage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the costal margins, and where are they located?

A

The costal margins (C) are the inferior edges of the thoracic cage formed by the cartilages of the 7th to 10th ribs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are intercostal spaces, and how are they named?

A

Intercostal spaces are the spaces between adjacent ribs. They are named according to the rib forming the superior border of the space (e.g., the space below the 1st rib is the 1st intercostal space).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the spinous process of a vertebra?

A

The spinous process is a bony projection extending posteriorly from the vertebral arch. It serves as an attachment point for muscles and ligaments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are transverse processes, and how many are found on each vertebra?

A

Transverse processes are lateral bony projections that extend from the vertebral arch. Each vertebra has two transverse processes, which serve as attachment points for muscles and ligaments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

how many articular processes are there?

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the vertebral arch, and what are its components?

A

The vertebral arch is a bony structure that encloses the spinal cord. It consists of two parts:

Pedicle: The portion connecting the vertebral body to the transverse process.
Lamina: The portion connecting the transverse process to the spinous process.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the vertebral foramen, and what is its function?

A

The vertebral foramen is the central opening formed by the vertebral arch and the vertebral body. It provides a protective passageway for the spinal cord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is the vertebral body, and what is its primary function?

A

The vertebral body is the largest, anterior part of the vertebra. Its primary function is to bear weight and provide structural support to the spinal column.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there, and what is their primary role?

A

There are 12 thoracic vertebrae. Their primary role is to support the rib cage and serve as an attachment point for the ribs, contributing to the structure and protection of the thoracic cavity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are costal facets (demifacets), and where are they located?

A

Costal facets, also known as demifacets, are located on the vertebral bodies of thoracic vertebrae. They typically have a superior and inferior facet, which articulate with the facets on the head of the ribs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is the function of costal facets on transverse processes?

A

The costal facets on the transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae articulate with the tubercles of the ribs, helping to stabilize the rib cage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is the superior thoracic aperture, and what are its 3 boundaries?

A

Posteriorly: T1 vertebra

Laterally: 1st pair of ribs and their costal cartilages

Anteriorly: Superior border of the manubrium

It transmits structures such as the trachea, oesophagus, nerves, and blood vessels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is the inferior thoracic aperture, and what are its 4 boundaries?

A

The inferior thoracic aperture is the lower opening of the thoracic cavity. Its boundaries are:

Posteriorly: T12 vertebra

Posterolaterally: 11th and 12th pairs of ribs

Anterolaterally: Joint costal cartilages of ribs 7-10

Anteriorly: Xiphisternal joint

It transmits structures such as the oesophagus, aorta, and inferior vena cava.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What 4 structures pass through the superior thoracic aperture?

A

Trachea
Oesophagus
Nerves (e.g., vagus and phrenic nerves)
Blood vessels (e.g., subclavian arteries and veins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What 3 structures pass through the inferior thoracic aperture?

A

Oesophagus
Aorta
Inferior vena cava

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What are the three main openings in the diaphragm located at the inferior thoracic aperture?

A

Caval opening (for the inferior vena cava)

Oesophageal hiatus (for the oesophagus)

Aortic hiatus (for the aorta)

53
Q

What are costovertebral joints?

A

Costovertebral joints are the joints where ribs articulate with the vertebral column at two points

54
Q

Which two joints do the Costovertebral joints articulate with in the ribs at the vertebral column?

A

Joints of the heads of ribs: Where the head of a rib articulates with the costal facets on the vertebral bodies.

Costotransverse joints: Where the costal tubercle of a rib articulates with the costal facets on the transverse processes.

55
Q
A
56
Q
A
57
Q
A
58
Q
A
59
Q
A
60
Q
A
61
Q
A
62
Q

What movement occurs in the superior and middle costotransverse joints?

A

In the superior and middle costotransverse joints, the ribs and sternum move in a pump-handle motion, involving:

Elevation and depression of the sternal ends of the ribs and sternum, increasing the anterior-posterior diameter of the thoracic cavity.

63
Q

What movement occurs in the lower costotransverse joints?

A

In the lower costotransverse joints, the ribs move in a bucket-handle motion, involving:

Elevation and depression of the lateral portions of the ribs, increasing the transverse diameter of the thoracic cavity.

64
Q

How do the pump-handle and bucket-handle movements contribute to respiration?

A

These movements increase the thoracic cavity’s diameter in two axes during inspiration:

Anterior-posterior axis (pump-handle motion).

Lateral axis (bucket-handle motion).

This expansion allows the lungs to fill with air more effectively.

65
Q

How does the rib cage change in dimensions during respiration?

A

During inspiration:

The rib cage increases in diameter both in the anterior-posterior axis (via pump-handle motion) and the lateral axis (via bucket-handle motion).

66
Q

What is the axis of movement for the pump-handle motion, and which ribs are involved?

A

The axis of movement for the pump-handle motion is along the neck of the rib. It primarily involves the upper ribs and the sternum.

67
Q

What is the axis of movement for the bucket-handle motion, and which ribs are involved?

A

The axis of movement for the bucket-handle motion is along the costotransverse joints. It primarily involves the lower ribs.

68
Q

what kind of movement does middle costotransverse joints show?

A

rotation

69
Q

what kind of movement does lower costotransverse joints show?

A

gliding - elevation and depression

70
Q

what is the primaru function of pectoralis major

A

the pectoralis major muscle is responsible for shoulder joint movement primarily

71
Q
A
72
Q
A
73
Q
A
74
Q
A
75
Q
A
76
Q

What are the 3 proximal attatchments of the pectoralis major

A

Clavicular part- medial half of clavicle (C)
sternocostal part - sternum and superior six costal cartilages (S)
abdominal part - external oblique aponeurosis (A)

77
Q

what is the Distal attachment of pectoralis major

A

Distal attachment: lateral crest of intertubercular groove of the humerus

78
Q

what is the proximal attachment of the pectoralis minor?

A

Proximal attachment: ribs 3-5

79
Q

what is the distal attachment of the pectoralis minor?

A

distal attachment: coracoid process of the scapula

80
Q

what is pectroalis major innervated by?

A

lateral and medial pectoral nerves

81
Q

what is pectoralis minor innervated by?

A

medial pectoral nerve

82
Q

What is the shared function of the Pectoralis major and Pectoralis minor?

A

Both assist in respiration when the shoulder girdle is fixed.

83
Q

what is the serratus anterior innervated by?

A

long thoracic nerve

84
Q

What is the proximal attachment of the Serratus anterior?

A

The proximal attachment of the Serratus anterior is the lateral aspects of ribs 1-9.

85
Q

What is the distal attachment of the Serratus anterior?

A

The distal attachment of the Serratus anterior is the anterior surface of the medial border of the scapula.

86
Q

What is the function of the Serratus anterior in respiration?

A

The Serratus anterior helps elevate ribs when the shoulder girdle is fixed, which assists in respiration.

87
Q

what is the scalene muscle innervated by

A

ventral rami of cervical spine nerves 3-8

88
Q

What is the proximal attachment of the Scalene muscles?

A

The proximal attachment of the Scalene muscles is the transverse processes of C3-C7 vertebrae.

89
Q

What is the distal attachment of the Scalene muscles?

A

The distal attachment of the Scalene muscles is ribs 1 and 2.

90
Q

what is the action of scalene muscles in respiration

A

elevate upper ribs in inspiration

91
Q

what is the Abdominal oblique muscles innervated by

A

The Abdominal oblique muscles are innervated by the anterior rami of thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves.

92
Q

What is the Rectus abdominis muscle innervated by?

A

The Rectus abdominis is innervated by the anterior rami of thoracic spinal nerves.

93
Q

What is the action of the Abdominal oblique muscles and Rectus abdominis?

A

Both the Abdominal oblique muscles and Rectus abdominis work to compress the abdomen and assist in expiration.

94
Q
A

External Oblique

(TIP - look at the direction its running in, its going downards)

95
Q
A

internal oblique

(TIP - look at the direction its running in, its going upwards)

96
Q
A

TA = Transversus Abdominis

RA = Rectus Abdominis

97
Q

What are the three layers of intercostal muscles?

A

External intercostals
Internal intercostals
Innermost intercostals

98
Q

Where do the External intercostal muscles attach

A

The External intercostal muscles run from the costal tubercle (on the back of the rib) to the costochondral junction (where the rib meets the costal cartilage in the front).

99
Q

What is the orientation of the External intercostals (EI)?

A

The External intercostals run antero-inferiorly from the rib above to the rib below (like hands in pockets).

Anteriorly, the muscle fibers are replaced by a membrane.

100
Q

What is the orientation of the Internal intercostals (Int I)?

A

The Internal intercostals run postero-inferiorly from the rib above to the rib below.

Posteriorly, the muscle fibers are replaced by a membrane.

They are deep and run at right angles to the external intercostals.

101
Q

What are the Innermost intercostals?

A

The Innermost intercostals are essentially the deep parts of the internal intercostals.

They are separated from the internal intercostals by intercostal nerves and vessels.

102
Q

Where do the internal intercostal muscles attach

A

The Internal intercostal muscles run from the costal angle (at the back of the rib) to the sternum (at the front of the chest).

103
Q

Which intercostal muscle is active during inspiration?

A

The External intercostal muscle is active during inspiration

104
Q

What is the role of all intercostal muscles during respiration?

A

All intercostal muscles help to keep the intercostal spaces rigid and prevent them from blowing out during respiration.

105
Q

What is disputed about the role of the Internal and Innermost intercostals in respiration?

A

It is disputed whether the Internal and Innermost intercostals play a role in elevating the ribs during inspiration.

It has also been suggested that the Internal and Innermost intercostals help to depress the ribs.

106
Q

where is the diaphragm located

A

The diaphragm is located at the floor of the inferior thoracic aperture.

107
Q

what is the primary role of the diaphragm

A

It is the primary muscle of inspiration by flattening and increasing the intrathoracic volume, which decreases the pressure.

108
Q

what kind of process is expiration and what is it brought about by

A

Expiration is passive and is brought about by the recoil of the diaphragm and lungs.

109
Q

What is the major content of an intercostal space?

A

The major content of an intercostal space is VAN, which stands for:
Vein
Artery
Nerve

These structures are arranged in this order from superior to inferior.

110
Q

Where are the VAN structures located in an intercostal space?

A

The VAN structures run along the inferior border of a rib in the costal groove.

111
Q

What is the purpose of an intercostal nerve block?

A

An intercostal nerve block targets the intercostal nerves

112
Q

What is the function of preganglionic sympathetic fibers in the intercostal nerves?

A

Preganglionic sympathetic fibers in the intercostal nerves communicate with the sympathetic ganglia via the white communicating ramus.

Postganglionic sympathetic fibers can return to the anterior ramus via the gray communicating ramus.

113
Q

What do the lateral cutaneous branches of the intercostal nerves supply?

A

The lateral cutaneous branches supply the skin over the lateral aspects of the trunk.

They carry general somatic afferent fibers.

114
Q

What do the anterior cutaneous branches of the intercostal nerves supply?

A

The anterior cutaneous branches supply the skin over the anterior aspects of the trunk.

They carry general somatic afferent fibers.

115
Q

What is the role of the muscular branches of the intercostal nerves?

A

The muscular branches (unnamed) supply the intercostal muscles.

They carry general somatic efferent fibers.

116
Q

Where do the 1st and 2nd pairs of posterior intercostal arteries arise from?

A

The 1st and 2nd pairs of posterior intercostal arteries arise from the superior (supreme) intercostal artery.

117
Q

Where do the 3rd to 12th pairs of posterior intercostal arteries arise from?

A

The 3rd to 12th pairs of posterior intercostal arteries arise from the thoracic aorta directly.

118
Q

What is the 12th pair of posterior intercostal arteries referred to as?

A

subcostal arteries.

119
Q

Where do the 1st to 6th pairs of anterior intercostal arteries arise from?

A

internal thoracic artery.

120
Q

Where do the 7th to 9th pairs of anterior intercostal arteries arise from?

A

musculophrenic artery.

121
Q

What happens immediately after the anterior intercostal arteries arise from their respective sources?

A

After arising, the anterior intercostal arteries immediately divide into two branches to supply the superior and inferior parts of the same intercostal space.

122
Q

Where does the 1st pair of posterior intercostal veins drain into?

A

The 1st pair of posterior intercostal veins typically drain directly into the brachiocephalic veins.

123
Q

Where do the 2nd and 3rd pairs (sometimes the 4th) of posterior intercostal veins drain into?

A

The 2nd and 3rd pairs (and sometimes the 4th) join to drain into the superior intercostal vein.

The left drains into the left brachiocephalic vein, and the right drains into the arch of the azygos vein.

124
Q

Where do the 5th to 11th pairs and the subcostal vein (12th) drain into?

A

The 5th to 11th pairs and the subcostal vein (12th) drain directly into the azygos vein on the right side.

125
Q

Where do the 5th to 8th pairs and the 9th to 12th pairs of posterior intercostal veins drain into on the left side?

A

On the left side:
The 5th to 8th pairs drain into the accessory hemiazygos vein.
The 9th to 12th pairs drain into the hemiazygos vein.

126
Q

What pattern do the anterior intercostal veins follow?

A

arteries.

127
Q

Where do the anterior intercostal veins drain into?

A

The anterior intercostal veins drain into the accompanying veins (called venae comitantes) of the corresponding musculophrenic and internal thoracic arteries.

128
Q

What happens to the internal thoracic veins near the third costal cartilage?

A

The accompanying internal thoracic veins unite near the third costal cartilage to become the internal thoracic vein.

ACRS (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions