Respiratory System 2 Flashcards
What type of rhythm do the cilia in the respiratory epithelium beat?
metachronal rhythm
What does irritation of the upper airways trigger? The lower airways?
upper - sneeze
lower - cough
Where does the lower respiratory tract begin?
larynx
What are the main functions of the larynx?
produce sound and
to close the trachea during swallowing to prevent food &
saliva from entering the airway
Which are more superior the false vocal cords or the true vocal cords?
false
What type of epithelium are the false vocal cords made of?
respiratory epithelium (ciliated pseudostratified epithelium)
What type of epithelium are the true vocal cords made out of?
stratified, squamous,
nonkeratinized epithelium
What do the true vocal cords contain?
vocalis muscle and ligament
What can cause issues with the left laryngeal nerve?
damage or tumoral involvement
metastatic lung cancer on the left side of the medistinum
aneurysm of the aortic arch
What type of epithelium is the trachea lined by?
respiratory epithelium (ciliated pseudostratified epithelium)
What are the diagnostic features of the trachea?
16-20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
fibroelastic ligament
trachealis muscle
seromucous glands and muscles
What is the fibroelastic ligament of the trachea composed of?
collagen and elastic fibers
How does the bronchi cartilage differ from the trachea cartilage?
bronchi have cartilage plates rather than rings of cartilage
The smaller the bronchi the amount of cartilage _______ and the amount of smooth muscle _______ and the amount of glands and goblet cells _______.
The smaller the bronchi the amount of cartilage decreases and the amount of smooth muscle increases and the amount of glands and goblet cells decreases.
What is the different in the secondary bronchi from the main bronchi?
supporting cartilages form irregular plates rather than rings
Where do the cartilage plates stop in the bronchi?
absent beyound 3’ bronchi
What is the primary function of MALT in the respiratory tract?
secretion of IgA onto mucosal surfaces to protect from microbes
Where are the lymphoid aggregates (MALT or BALT) located in the respiratory tract?
found in the lamina propria (layer of the subepithelial ct)
What type of epithelium do the bronchioles change to?
begin as ciliated columnar and changes to cuboidal epithelium
What do bronchioles lack?
cartilage and sero-mucus glands
What do terminal bronchioles epithelium look like?
tall, pseudostratified, ciliated columnar epithelium
What do respiratory bronchioles epithelium look like?
simple, cuboidal to columnar (occasional alveoli)
What cells replace the goblet cells in terminal and respiratory bronchioles?
clara cells (club cells; non-ciliated, dome-shaped, cuboidal to columnar cells)
What do the clara cells protect and secrete?
bronchiolar epithelium by secretting Clara cell secretory protein (CCSP) and lung surfactant
What are the thin-walled structures surrounded by rich capillary networks, supplied by a pulmonary artery?
alveoli
What are the walls between the alveoli called?
alveolar septa
What type of pneumocytes are the flattened epithelial cells modified for gas exchange?
Type 1 pneumocytes
What type of epithelium covers 95% of alveolar surface area?
simple squamous epithelium
What does the air-blood barrier consist of?
Type I pneumocytes of alveoli, endothelial cells lining capillaries, & shared, fused basement membran
What type of pneumocytes are larger, rounded, dome-shaped cells?
Type II pneuomocytes
What are in type II pneumocytes?
intracytoplasmic granules called lamellar bodies
surfactant to extract
What are the cells in the lung that phagocytize particulate matter and microbes (called called dust cells and heart failure cells)?
alveolar macrophages
What pigment do the “heart failure” cells/alveolar macrophages have in them?
brownish-black hemosiderin pigment
