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D1 Fall - Histology > Respiratory System 2 > Flashcards

Respiratory System 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What type of rhythm do the cilia in the respiratory epithelium beat?

A

metachronal rhythm

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2
Q

What does irritation of the upper airways trigger? The lower airways?

A

upper - sneeze
lower - cough

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3
Q

Where does the lower respiratory tract begin?

A

larynx

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4
Q

What are the main functions of the larynx?

A

produce sound and
to close the trachea during swallowing to prevent food &
saliva from entering the airway

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5
Q

Which are more superior the false vocal cords or the true vocal cords?

A

false

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6
Q

What type of epithelium are the false vocal cords made of?

A

respiratory epithelium (ciliated pseudostratified epithelium)

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7
Q

What type of epithelium are the true vocal cords made out of?

A

stratified, squamous,
nonkeratinized epithelium

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8
Q

What do the true vocal cords contain?

A

vocalis muscle and ligament

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9
Q

What can cause issues with the left laryngeal nerve?

A

damage or tumoral involvement
metastatic lung cancer on the left side of the medistinum
aneurysm of the aortic arch

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10
Q

What type of epithelium is the trachea lined by?

A

respiratory epithelium (ciliated pseudostratified epithelium)

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11
Q

What are the diagnostic features of the trachea?

A

16-20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
fibroelastic ligament
trachealis muscle
seromucous glands and muscles

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12
Q

What is the fibroelastic ligament of the trachea composed of?

A

collagen and elastic fibers

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13
Q

How does the bronchi cartilage differ from the trachea cartilage?

A

bronchi have cartilage plates rather than rings of cartilage

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14
Q

The smaller the bronchi the amount of cartilage _______ and the amount of smooth muscle _______ and the amount of glands and goblet cells _______.

A

The smaller the bronchi the amount of cartilage decreases and the amount of smooth muscle increases and the amount of glands and goblet cells decreases.

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15
Q

What is the different in the secondary bronchi from the main bronchi?

A

supporting cartilages form irregular plates rather than rings

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16
Q

Where do the cartilage plates stop in the bronchi?

A

absent beyound 3’ bronchi

17
Q

What is the primary function of MALT in the respiratory tract?

A

secretion of IgA onto mucosal surfaces to protect from microbes

18
Q

Where are the lymphoid aggregates (MALT or BALT) located in the respiratory tract?

A

found in the lamina propria (layer of the subepithelial ct)

19
Q

What type of epithelium do the bronchioles change to?

A

begin as ciliated columnar and changes to cuboidal epithelium

20
Q

What do bronchioles lack?

A

cartilage and sero-mucus glands

21
Q

What do terminal bronchioles epithelium look like?

A

tall, pseudostratified, ciliated columnar epithelium

22
Q

What do respiratory bronchioles epithelium look like?

A

simple, cuboidal to columnar (occasional alveoli)

23
Q

What cells replace the goblet cells in terminal and respiratory bronchioles?

A

clara cells (club cells; non-ciliated, dome-shaped, cuboidal to columnar cells)

24
Q

What do the clara cells protect and secrete?

A

bronchiolar epithelium by secretting Clara cell secretory protein (CCSP) and lung surfactant

25
Q

What are the thin-walled structures surrounded by rich capillary networks, supplied by a pulmonary artery?

A

alveoli

26
Q

What are the walls between the alveoli called?

A

alveolar septa

27
Q

What type of pneumocytes are the flattened epithelial cells modified for gas exchange?

A

Type 1 pneumocytes

28
Q

What type of epithelium covers 95% of alveolar surface area?

A

simple squamous epithelium

29
Q

What does the air-blood barrier consist of?

A

Type I pneumocytes of alveoli, endothelial cells lining capillaries, & shared, fused basement membran

30
Q

What type of pneumocytes are larger, rounded, dome-shaped cells?

A

Type II pneuomocytes

31
Q

What are in type II pneumocytes?

A

intracytoplasmic granules called lamellar bodies
surfactant to extract

32
Q

What are the cells in the lung that phagocytize particulate matter and microbes (called called dust cells and heart failure cells)?

A

alveolar macrophages

33
Q

What pigment do the “heart failure” cells/alveolar macrophages have in them?

A

brownish-black hemosiderin pigment

D1 Fall - Histology (20 decks)

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