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D1 Fall - Histology > 11/27: Urinary System > Flashcards

11/27: Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

The kidney has several important homeostatic, hormonal, and metabolic
functions that include:

A
  • The maintenance of water and electrolyte homeostasis.
  • Regulation of acid-base balance in conjunction with the respiratory system.
  • Excretion of metabolic waste products, especially the toxic nitrogenous
    compounds.
  • Production of renin for blood pressure control and erythropoietin, which
    stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow.
  • Conversion of vitamin D into active form for the regulation of calcium
    balance
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2
Q

How many segmental (lobar) aa are per kidney?

A

5

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3
Q

Each lobar artery is an?

A

“end artery”

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4
Q

What does each segemental artery give off?

A

Interlobar aa
arcuate aa
intralobular aa
afferent arterioles

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5
Q

What drains the glomeruli and forms capillary networks?

A

Efferent arterioles

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6
Q

What drains cortical nephrons and forms peritubular capillary network while taking up substances resorbed by tubular epithelium?

A

Efferent arterioles

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7
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

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8
Q

What are the two main components of the kidney?

A

Renal corpuscle and renal tubule

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9
Q

What filters blood plasma?

A

renal corpuscle

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10
Q

What modified filtrate to form urine?

A

Renal tubule

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11
Q

What is the nephron composed of?

A

Renal corpuscle
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of henle
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting tubule/duct

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12
Q

Where are capillaries found around?

A

Proximal/Distal convoluted tubule and loop of henle

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13
Q

What capillaries are found around PCT/DCT? LH?

A

Pertibular capilaries; Vasa Recta

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14
Q

What capillaries are found around LH?

A

Vasa recta

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15
Q

What filters fluid from blood?

A

Renal corpuscle

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16
Q

What portion modifies filtrate into urine?

A

Tubular portion

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17
Q

The type of nephron depends on?

A

Location in cortex and of their henle loop

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18
Q

What types of cortical can there be?

A

Subcapsular (short loops)
Midcortical (inetermediate)
Juxtamedullary (long)

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19
Q

What is the role of the kidneys?

A

Maintenance of internal fluid composition and volume (internal environment)

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20
Q

Capillaries invaginate into?

A

Bowman’s capsule

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21
Q

What are the capillaries in contact with?

A

Visceral layer (podocytes)

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22
Q

What epithelium is the parietal layer?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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23
Q

What is the renal corpuscle separated by?

A

Urinary (bowman’s) space

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24
Q

What is the function of mesengial cells?

A

Secrete mesangial matrix, vasoactive factors, and cytokines

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25
Q

What are the main structural compinents of the mesangial matrix?

A

Collage type IV
Laminin
Fibronectin
Proteoglycans

26
Q

What is the primary phagocytic function of mesangial cells?

A

Remove trapped residues and aggregated protein from the basement membrane, thus keeping the filter free of debris

27
Q

What has been suggested in changing the filtration pressure of the glomerulus?

A

Contractile properties of mesangial cells

28
Q

Where are extraglomerular mesangial cells located?

A

Between the afferent arteriole and the efferent arteriole towards the vascular pole

29
Q

Where are intraglomerular mesangial cells located?

A

Inside the glomerulus in between the capillaries

30
Q

Fluid from capillaries leaks into the urinary space through?

A

Complex filtration barrier

31
Q

What are the 3 components of the filtration barrier?

A
  1. Fenestrated capillary endothelium
  2. Basal lamina (basement membrane)
  3. Podocytes of the visceral layer of bowman’s capsule (epithelial cells (podocytes) with pedicles (foot projections))
32
Q

What is on some components of both basal lamina (glycoprotein podocalyxin) and surface of podocyte processes?

A

High polyanionic charge

33
Q

What type of capillaries are glomerular capillaries?

A

Fenestrated
Large pores not covered by a diaphragm

34
Q

What are glomerular capillaries permeable to?

A

Water, urea, glucose, and small proteins

35
Q

What is the barrier on glomerular capillaries for?

A

Formed elements in blood and large macromolecules

36
Q

What does the lamina rarae contain?

A

Type IV collagen
Laminin
Fibronectin
Negatively-charged proteoglycans

37
Q

What crosses the basal lamina freely?

A

Water, ions, and small organic molecules

38
Q

What crosses the basal lamina reasonably freely?

A

Peptide hormones and small proteins

39
Q

What does each pedicel have?

A

Glycocalyx of negatively-charged podocalyxin

40
Q

What are pedicels separated by?

A

Cleft filtration slits

41
Q

What are pedicles covered by?

A

Porous slit diaphragm made of protein nephrin

42
Q

What does the pedicel additionally act as?

A

Barrier to large macromolecules, proteins, negatively charged molecules and blood cells

43
Q

What have phagocytic functions?

A

Podocytes

44
Q

Where does blood enter glomerulus via?

A

Afferent arterioles

45
Q

What forces fluid through fenestrae of capillary endothelium?

A

Arteriole pressure

46
Q

What is trapped by the basal lamina?

A

Large molecules

47
Q

What are stopped by the basal lamina and podocytes?

A

Negatively charged molecules

48
Q

What passes through pores in slit diaphragm to enter the urinary space -> PLT?

A

Fluid

49
Q

What is the site of “bulk operations”?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

50
Q

Where does the site of bulk operations begin?

A

At urinary pole

51
Q

What is the proximal convoluted tubule the primary site for?

A

Water resorption, removes 75% of water and ions (Na, Cl)

52
Q

What is found only in the cortex?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

53
Q

What is the proximal convoluted tubule lined by?

A

Eosinophilic cuboidal/low columnar epitheliam

54
Q

What is in the center of the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Centrally placed nucleus

55
Q

What is the border of a proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Microvilli and well-defined brush border

56
Q

Describe the lateral border of the proximal convoluted tubule

A

Indistinct due to interdigitations

57
Q

The proximal tubule has extensive reabsorption of…

A

glomerular filtrate (microvilli)

58
Q

The proximal tubule has a reduction in…

A

fluid volume

59
Q

What is endocytosed in the PCT?

A

Proteins and small peptides

60
Q

What 3 things pass through the proximal tubule via a small transmembrane channel?

A

Na+ (active transport)
Cl- (passive diffusion)
H2O (AQP-1, aquaporin-1)

D1 Fall - Histology (20 decks)

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