Respiratory System Flashcards
What is the purpose of the respiratory system?
exchnage oxygen and carbon dioxide
what is hypercapnia?
increased carbon dioxide
ventilation
moving gas in and out of lungs
diffusion
moving gas from high to low concentration
what happens after inspiration?
oxygen is increased in aveoli than in capillaries
where are the lungs located?
pleural cavity
how many lobes does the right and left lung have and which one is short?
right = 3
left = 2
right lung is shorter
how many ribs and which ones are floating?
12 and the 11th and 12th are floating
describe negative pressure
breathing air in and the diaphragm contracts/ moves down
describe positive pressure
breath out air and the diaphragm relaxes and moves up
3 parts of the upper airway and some characteristics
nose pharynx larynx
protets lower from foreign matter
parts of lower airway
trachea and bronchi
describe some subjective data
chronic illness
allergies
difficulty breathing with ADL’S
do you smoke
where do you work
describe some problem based history
Onset
Location
Duration
Characterization
Aggravation facotrs
Related symptoms
Treatments
Severity
sleep apnea
snoring, sudden awakening, dry mouth
orthopnea
trouble breathing
dyspnea
difficulty breathing or speaking over time
sputum color: white
common cold/ viral infection
sputum color: yellow green
bacterial infection
sputum color: brown/black blood
hemoptysis
sputum color: pink frothy
pulmonary edema
primary prevention
keeps it from happening (stop smoking)
secondary prevention
catch it if it has happened (chronic cough or SOB)
tertiary prevention
control the disease
how do you prepare for a physical exam?
introduce
hand hygiene
privacy
warm hands
2 identifiers
expected and unepected appearance and posture
calm, relaxed, effortless breathing
nasal flaring, pursed lip breathing
expected and unexpected count
12-20 eupnea quiet, symmetrical
bradypnea, tachypnea, hyperventilation
expected and unexpected nails
pink, angle 160, color consistens with ethnicity
cyanosis, pallor, clubbing
posterior expected and unexpected
symmetrical, scapula even
asymmetrical, scoliosis, barrel shaped
anterior expected and unexpected
ribs slope downward, costal angle less than 90
barrel chested
describe AP lateral ratio
side angle should be 1 compared tothe front angle 2
scoliosis
s curve
kyphosis
spine curve outward/ hunch back
lordosis
lumbar, spine inward
pectus carinatum
bird beak/ chest pointed mid sternum
pectus excavatum
mid sternum inward andcould lead to chest and lung problem
what test do you use to test posterior and anterior thorax palpation
tactile (vocal) fremitus
anterior costal margain
describe tactile (vocal) fremitus
say 99 and feel vibrations as you move down
describe percussion of the posterior thorax
slight tapping kinda like a shaky vest, should be low pitched
chest expansion expected and unexpected
symetrical movement, hands in a “w”
asymetrical, caused by fractured rib
what areas do you auscultate?
bronchial: neck trachea (short to long)
borchivesicular: over bronchi (even)
vesicular: over chest (long to short)
describe crackles
alveoli popping sounds like velcro
describe wheezing
high pitched snoring sounds
describe stridor
high pitched honking noise
egophony
if you hear an “a” instead of “e” in the 99 test
bronchophony
increased sounds
what do expected sounds sound like?
faint
Kassmaul respirations
Rapid breathing
Fruity smell
Cheyne strokes breathing
fast breathing then sudden stops
How does age affect respiratory symptoms
Kyphosis is common with older age
Dyspnea because of loss of elasticity
