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AN > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the respiratory system?

A
  • Nose
  • Nasal cavity
  • Paranasal sinuses
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Lungs
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
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2
Q

What are the components of the upper respiratory system?

A
  • Nose
  • Nasal cavity
  • Paranasal sinuses
  • Pharynx
    Epiglottis is the dividing point
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3
Q

What are the components of the lower respiratory system?

A
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Lungs
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
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4
Q

What is the conducting portion/zone?

A

The pathway from the nose to the bronchi (not including lungs)

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5
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • Provides an area for gas exchange between the air and the blood
  • Moves air to and from exchange surfaces of lungs
  • Protects the respiratory surfaces from dehydration
  • Provides protection against invading pathogens
  • Produces sound involved in verbal communication
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6
Q

What type of tissue lines the respiratory tract?

A

Epithelial tissue

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7
Q

Does the epithelial tissue lining the respiratory tract secrete material?

A

Yes. The epithelial tissue primarily secretes mucus to trap debris or pathogens.

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8
Q

The respiratory tract is lined with epithelial tissue that secretes mucus. Will this mucus primarily move up or down through respiratory passages?

A

The mucus and the trapped material in it will move up to be swallowed or spit out.

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9
Q

What are the three components of the nasal conchae?

A

Superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae

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10
Q

What are the three components of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and larnygopharynx

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11
Q

What type of cartilage is the epiglottis made of?

A

Elastic cartilage

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12
Q

The opening of the epiglottis leads into what part of the airway?

A

Larynx (voicebox)

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13
Q

What is the function of the epiglottis?

A

Closes during swallowing to prevent food/liquid entering into the larynx (which could cause fluid in the lungs, pneumonia)

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14
Q

The respiratory epithelium contains what type of cells?

A

Mucus cells. They produce a sticky mucus that bathes the exposed areas

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15
Q

What is PCCE?

A

Also known as respiratory epithelium, PCCE stands for pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar. It is found throughout much of the conducting portion of the respiratory tract (not in the lungs). It is known as a “mucus escalator” of cilia in the lower respiratory system transports mucus up toward the pharynx for swallowing and eventual destruction in the stomach.

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16
Q

What is known as the “mucus escalator”?

A

Cilia in the lower respiratory system that transport mucus up towards the pharynx for swallowing and eventual destruction in the stomach.

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17
Q

Contamination of inspired air by pathogens or debris will cause what to happen?

A

Damage of the delicate surfaces of the respiratory system.

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18
Q

What happens to air as it goes through the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

A

Filtration, warming, and humidification of inhaled air occur throughout the conducting portion of the respiratory system

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19
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have?

A

2 lobes, superior and inferior lobe

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20
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3 lobes, superior, middle, and inferior lobes

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21
Q

Why does the left lung have some concavity to it?

A

To accommodate for the heart.

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22
Q

What are respiratory bronchioles attached to?

A

Alveolar ducts.

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23
Q

Where do alveolar ducts end?

A

Alveolar sacs- these represent grape bunches.

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24
Q

Each lung has how many alveoli?

A

250-300 million alveoli.

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25
Q

What surrounds each alveolus to allow for gas exchange?

A

An extensive network of capillaries. Capillaries drop off carbon dioxide and pick up oxygen.

26
Q

What brings deoxygenated blood to the alveoli?

A

Pulmonary artery

27
Q

What brings reoxygenated blood away from the lungs?

A

Pulmonary vein

28
Q

Gas exchange occurs between which two components of the lungs?

A

Alveoli and capillaries.

29
Q

What cells make up the lining of alveoli?

A

Type I alveolar cells. This is where gas exchange takes place in the alveoli.

30
Q

What is the other type of alveolar cells and what is their function (Type I and what else)

A

Type II alveolar cells. They are scattered among the type I alveolar cells and secrete surfactant, which prevents alveolar collapse.

31
Q

What is the purpose of alveolar macrophages?

A

Wander around phagocytizing particulate matter. (Eating pathogens and other debris)

32
Q

What passes through the openings in alveoli?

A

Air

33
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?
Explain gas exchange.

A

The blood air barrier.
- Alveolar cell layer
- Capillary endothelium
- Fused basement membrane between alveolar cells and capillary endothelium

Gas exchange
- Carbon dioxide leaves the capillaries and enters the alveolar sacs
- Oxygen leaves the alveolar sacs and enters the capillaries

34
Q

Where is oxygen more plentiful at the start of the gas exchange process?

A

In the alveolar air space.

35
Q

Where is carbon dioxide more plentiful at the start of the gas exchange process?

A

In the RBC and the capillary lumen.

36
Q

As gas exchange occurs, where do CO2 and O2 go?

A

CO2 enters the alveolar air space for reoxygenation.
O2 enters the RBC (capillaries to bring reoxygenated blood back to the heart)

37
Q

Explain the blood supply to and from the lungs.

A

Pulmonary arteries branch repeatedly within the lungs before supplying the pulmonary capillaries.
Pulmonary veins deliver blood to the heart.

38
Q

The right and left pleural cavities are separated by what structure?

A

The mediastinum.

39
Q

What are the two serous membranes surrounding the lungs?

A

Pleura.
Visceral pleura portion covers the direct outer surface of the lungs (when you are touching the lung directly you are touching the visceral pleura).
Parietal pleura portion covers the inside lining of the thoracic wall, the surfaces of the mediastinum, and the superior surface of the diaphragm.

40
Q

Where does parietal pleura line?

A

The body wall (ribs, diaphragm, mediastinum)

41
Q

Where does visceral pleura line?

A

Physical contact with the lung surface (courses on top of the lungs)

42
Q

What is the name of the fluid filled space created between the visceral and parietal pleura?

A

The pleural cavity.

43
Q

The pleural cavity between the visceral and parietal membranes consists of what?

A

Pleural fluid.
This fluid reduces friction when the lungs move upon inhalation and exhalation.

44
Q

What is pleurisy?

A

May cause the membranes to produce and secrete excess pleural fluid or cause the inflamed pleurae to adhere to one another
- On a physical exam, a crackling sound may be heard during breathing due to the pleural layers rubbing against each other

45
Q

What adjusts breathing rate and depth to the body’s metabolic needs?

A

Complex mechanisms via the autonomic nervous system.
Additionally, intricate neural circuits relay information from higher brain centers, lungs, and other sensors throughout the body to coordinate ventilatory control.

46
Q

What is the structure that governs the normal respiratory cycle?

A

The medulla oblongata. The medulla oblongata is known as the respiratory center, and the inherent activity of inspiratory neurons with cells bodies located in the medulla oblongata governs this cycle.

47
Q

What structure is known as the respiratory center?

A

The medulla oblongata.

48
Q

What are the neurons that activate the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to cause the lungs to inflate?

A

Inspiratory neurons with cell bodies located in the medulla oblongata.

49
Q

In normal, relaxed breathing the most important muscles are what?

A

The diaphragm and intercostal muscles.

50
Q

Steps of inspiration (breathing in)

A
  • The diaphragm contracts and flattens and moves downward; external intercostals expand the ribcage
  • Thoracic cavity enlarges; ultrapulmonic pressure decreases slightly below atmospheric pressure
  • Nose and mouth suck air in and lungs inflate
  • Phase completes when thoracic cavity expansion ceases and pressures are equal
51
Q

Steps of expiration (breathing out)

A
  • Occurs passively at rest or light activity
  • Natural recoil of stretched lung tissue
  • Relaxation of respiratory muscles
  • Diaphragm rises
  • Volume of thoracic cavity decreases, compressing alveolar gas and expelling air
52
Q

Along with the medulla oblongata, many other organs and tissues contribute to the smooth pattern of ventilatory adjustment to metabolic demands. What does this include?

A
  • Peripheral chemoreceptors
  • Receptors in lung tissue
  • Proprioceptors in joints and muscles
  • Core temperature
  • Chemical state of blood in medulla
53
Q

What is the difference between someone with healthy lungs vs. someone with COPD (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder)

A

Congestion, mucus, inflammation in lungs
Cause difficulty breathing
In an X-ray, lungs should appear clear, no opaque mass

54
Q

What is lung cancer?

A
  • An aggressive class of malignancies
  • Affects the epithelial cells lining conducting passageways or alveoli
  • Caused by chemical inhalation, smoke, etc
55
Q

Are bronchioles part of the upper or lower respiratory system pathway?

A

Lower

56
Q

When alveolar gas is being compressed, we are in the inspiratory or expiratory phase of breathing?

A

Expiratory phase.

57
Q

What pathway connects the lateral and third ventricles in the brain?

A

The interventricular foramen.

58
Q

Gas exchange occurs in type I or type II cells of the alveoli in our lungs?

A

Type I

59
Q

Which cranial nerve provides motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression?

A

The facial nerve (CN VII)

60
Q

Which cranial nerve provides motor innervation to the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles?

A

The spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)

AN (7 decks)

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