Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AN > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the endocrine system secrete hormones to maintain homeostasis?

A

Into the blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers that regulate many body functions. They bind with a specific receptor.
Endocrine cells are located in a gland or gland-like structure.
Target cells have hormone receptors.
Lock and key mechanism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the main endocrine organs?

A

Pituitary gland- brain
Hypothalamus- brain
Thyroid gland- neck
Adrenal glands- on top of kidney
Pineal gland- brain
Parathyroid glands- neck, posterior part of thyroid
Pancreas- abdomen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the organs with secondary endocrine functions?

A
  • Heart
  • Thymus
  • Adipose tissue
  • Digestive tract
  • Kidneys
  • Gonads (testes and ovaries)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The hypothalamus integrates neural and endocrine activities via what three mechanisms?

A
  1. Acts as an endocrine organ- releases ADH (antidiuretic hormone) and OXT (oxytocin)
  2. Secretes regulatory hormones- control the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Regulatory hormones reach their targets by the hypophyseal portal system.
  3. Contains autonomic nervous system centers- controls hormone secretion in the adrenal gland
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the five cell types in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

A
  1. Thyrotropes- thyroid gland
  2. Corticotopes- adrenal cortex
  3. Gonadotropes- reproductive organs
  4. Lactotropes- mammary glands
  5. Somatotropes- growth of the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the function of TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)?

A

Targets the thyroid gland to release T3 and T4.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?

A

Targets the adrenal cortex. Stimulates glucocorticosteroid secretion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)?

A

FSH- targets follicular cells in the ovaries of females and nurse cells in the testes of males. FSH stimulates follicle development and estrogen secretion in females and sperm maturation in males.

LH- targets follicular cells in the ovaries of females and interstitial cells in the testes of males. In females, LH stimulates ovulation, corpus luteum formation, and progesterone secretion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the function of prolactin (PRL)?

A

Targets the female mammary glands and stimulates milk production.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of growth hormone (GH)?

A

Targets all cells in the body. Stimulates growth, protein synthesis, lipid mobilization, and catabolism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the purpose of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)?

A

Targets melanocytes. It stimulates increased melanin production in the epidermis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The Posterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland

A

Neurohypophysis

Releases neurosecretions (made by the hypothalamus):
- ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
- OXT (oxytocin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the purpose of ADH (antidiuretic hormone)?

A

Also known as vasopressin. Targets the kidneys. Promotes the reabsorption of water and elevation of both blood volume and blood pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the purpose of oxytocin (OXT)?

A

Oxytocin targets the uterus and mammary glands in females. It causes labor contractions and milk ejection.
In males, oxytocin targets the ductus deferens and prostate. This causes contractions of the ductus deferens and prostate and ejection of secretions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How are T3 and T4 released? What functions do they serve?

A

Hypothalamus releases TRF (thyrotropin releasing factor). This acts on anterior pituitary, which releases thyroid stimulating hormone. TSH circulates in the blood and is picked up by the thyroid gland, which produces triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4).

T3 and T4 are primarily responsible for regulation of metabolism.

Calcitonin produced by the thyroid gland decreases blood calcium levels.

17
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

A

4 total, located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland.

18
Q

What are the two major types of cells associated with the parathyroid glands?

A
  1. Parathyroid cells (principal cells)
    - Respond to low Ca levels by releasing parathyroid hormone.
  2. Oxyphil cells
19
Q

Where do the adrenal glands sit?

A

On top of each kidney.

20
Q

What are the parts of the adrenal gland?

A

Adrenal cortex (outer portion) and adrenal medulla (inner portion).

21
Q

What does the adrenal medulla release as part of the sympathetic nervous system response?

A

Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

22
Q

What does the adrenal cortex release?

A

Cortisol- corticosteroid- increases blood sugar, stress
ALDOSTERONE- PROMOTES WATER RETENTION
Androgens- sex hormones

  • Targets liver to synthesize glucose and glycogen
  • Suppresses immune system (reduce joint swelling)
  • Stabilizes BP through Na and H2O balance
  • Testosterone- small quantities here in both sexes
23
Q

The pancreas functions as both a ________?

A

Exocrine and endocrine structure.

24
Q

What are the functions of the pancreas?

A

Exocrine function: Produces digestive enzymes

Endocrine function:
- Consists of pancreatic islets
- Produces hormones

25
Q

What is BI GA

A

Refers to the hormones secreted by the pancreas.

Beta cells of islets release insulin, which seeks to lower blood sugar levels.

Alpha cells of islets release glucagon, which seeks to increase blood sugar levels.

26
Q

Sequence the functions of high vs low blood sugar.

A

High blood sugar-> insulin stimulates glycogen formation to lower blood sugar in the liver. -> liver stores glucose as glycogen.

Low blood sugar-> glucagon stimulates glycogen breakdown to raise blood sugar. -> stores are broken down in liver.

27
Q

What inhibits production of glucagon and insulin?

A

Somatostatin- from delta cells of islets.

28
Q

What regulates pancreatic enzymes?

A

Pancreatic polypeptide- from PP cells

29
Q

What are the endocrine functions of the heart?

A

Responds to HTN (hypertension)
- ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)
- BNP (brain natriuretic peptide)
- inhibits ADH and aldosterone
The heart cells in the right atrium detect high volume and release ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)
Signals to brain cause production of BNP (brain natriuretic peptide) released in the ventricles
These hormones inhibit ADH and aldosterone

RELEASE WATER FROM BODY

30
Q

What are the endocrine functions of the kidneys? (Responding to low BP)

A

The kidneys (responding to low blood pressure) release renin into the bloodstream.
Renin converts circulating angiotensinogen (from the liver) to angiotensin I.
Capillaries of the lungs contain ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme)
ACE converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II.
Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone.
Aldosterone causes the kidneys to put sodium ions and water into the bloodstream.
This raises blood pressure back to homeostatic conditions.
Also…
Angiotensin II also causes blood vessel constriction.
This raises blood pressure back to homeostatic conditions.

31
Q

Kidneys responding to low Ca2+ levels

A

Sunlight converts a hormone into Vit D3 (cholecalciferol)(inactive) which travels to kidneys
PTH targets the kidneys
Kidney cells convert vit D3 to calcitrol (Vit D) (active)
Calcitrol is released and causes the SI to absorb calcium ions into the bloodstream
This raises the calcium ion levels back to homeostatic conditions

32
Q

Endocrine Functions of the kidneys (responding to low red blood cell or decreased oxygen levels)

A

Releases erythropoietin (EPO!)
- Increases RBCs

33
Q

What is the purpose of the pineal gland?

A

Epithalamus produces pinealocytes that produce malatonin
- Sleep cycle
- Retards sexual maturation

34
Q

Adipose tissue secretes leptin and resistin. What are the purposes?

A

Leptin
- appetite and fat storage

Resistin
- insulin resistance
- under study

35
Q

Hormones and Aging

A

Exhibits relatively few changes with advancing age

One can expect:
- The changes in reproductive hormone levels at puberty
- The decline in the concentration of reproductive hormones at menopause in women
- Age-related issues in many tissues results in reduced responsiveness to even normal levels of circulating hormones

AN (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions