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AN > Brain & Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Brain & Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What are the layers from scalp to cerebral cortex?

A
  • Scalp
  • Epicranial aponeurosis
  • Loose connective tissue and periosteum of cranium
  • Cranium
  • Dura mater
  • Arachnoid mater
  • Subarachnoid space containing CSF
  • Pia mater covering cerebral cortex
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2
Q

What are the six major regions of the adult brain?

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Cerebellum
  • Medulla oblongata
  • Pons
  • Mesencephalon (midbrain)
  • Diencephalon
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3
Q

What are the parts of the brainstem?

A
  • Mesencephalon
  • Pons
  • Medulla oblongata
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4
Q

What are the functions of the cerebrum?

A

Control of skeletal muscles, logic, reasoning, planning, vision/speech/hearing/sensation processing etc

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5
Q

What are the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Two compose the brain. Right and left hemispheres.

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6
Q

Where is the longitudinal fissure located?

A

Down the center of the brain, separating the left and right hemispheres.

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7
Q

Where is the corpus callosum located and what is its function?

A

Located deep to the longitudinal fissure, joins the left and right hemispheres.

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8
Q

What are sulci?

A

Sunken grooves/fissures on the surface of the brain.

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9
Q

What are gyri?

A

Hills and rounded portions on the surface of the brain.

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10
Q

What are the four lobes of the brain?

A
  • Frontal
  • Occipital
  • Temporal
  • Parietal
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11
Q

Frontal Lobe
Components + functions

A
  • Primary motor cortex
  • Premotor cortex
  • Prefrontal cortex
    Function: Motor signals, motor learning, coordinating
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12
Q

Parietal Lobe
Components + functions

A
  • Primary somatosensory cortex
  • Somatosensory association area
    Function: Coordination of sensory information
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13
Q

Occipital Lobe
Components + functions

A
  • Visual association area
  • Visual cortex
    Function: Process visual information from optic nerve
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14
Q

Temporal Lobe
Components + functions

A
  • Auditory association area
  • Auditory cortex
  • Olfactory cortex
    Function: Process hearing + sense of smell
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15
Q

Gustatory cortex function

A

Sense of taste

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16
Q

What is the central sulcus?

A

A prominent groove/fissue that separates the frontal and parietal lobes

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17
Q

What is the function of association fibers?

A

They connect different regions within the same hemisphere of the brain

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18
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Balance, coordination, smooth controlled movement. (Being able to take a drink of water and not spilling it all over yourself)

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19
Q

What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

A

It is the most inferior portion of the brainstem. Processes essential to survival especially the cardiovascular system impulses. Joins the brainstem to spinal cord.

20
Q

What is the function of the pons?

A

Several cranial nerves emerge here; allows for communication between the cerebrum and cerebellum.

21
Q

What is the function of the mesencephalon (midbrain)?

A

Motor pathways, alertness, vision and hearing regulation, etc

22
Q

What are the three divisions of the diencephalon?

A
  • Epithalamus
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
23
Q

What is the function of the epithalamus?

A

Includes the pineal gland, limbic system connection to other brain regions

24
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

Sensory information is relayed here

25
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Hormonal release, connection between the nervous and endocrine systems

26
Q

Why is it important to note the connection between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland?

A

Hypothalamus does hormonal release, stimulates pituitary gland.

27
Q

What are basal ganglia?

A

Subcortical structures (under cerebral cortex). They are linked structures that control movements of the body, skeletal muscles through the production of dopamine. Someone with Parkinson’s would have less dopamine production

28
Q

What are the components of the limbic system?

A

Nuclei and cortical structures- emotions
- Thalamus
- Hypothalamus
- Hippocampus
- Amygdala
- Olfactory bulb
When you smell something and are reminded of a memory

29
Q

Explain the components/functions of the ventricular system of the brain.

A

Two lateral ventricles in cerebral hemispheres join at interventricular foramen to connect to third ventricle, which connects via cerebral aqueduct to the fourth ventricle, which becomes the central canal.

Function: Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles, made by ependymal cells of the choroid plexus

30
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

Hydro= fluid
Cephalic= skull
Hydrocephalus is a buildup of CSF in the brain (enlarged ventricles)

31
Q

Are the cranial nerves sensory or motor innervated?

A

Some of the cranial nerves have only sensory innervation, some have only motor innervation, and still others have mixed innervation with both sensory and motor innervation.

32
Q

Olfactory Nerve

A

CNI
Sensory only
Sense of smell

33
Q

Optic Nerve

A

CNII
Sensory only
Taking in visual information

34
Q

Cranial nerves controlling the extra-ocular muscles

A

CN III, CN IV, CN VI (3, 4, and 6)
CN III- Oculomotor nerve
CN IV- Trochlear nerve
CN VI- Abducens nerve

Motor, controlling the muscles that move the eyeball

35
Q

Trigeminal Nerve

A

CNV
Sensory and motor
Skin of the face, motor to chewing muscles, etc

36
Q

The Facial Nerve

A

CNVII
Motor and sensory
Muscles of facial expression, part of tongue, salivary glands
Vulnerable during removal of parotid gland

37
Q

Vestibulocochlear Nerves

A

VIII
Vestibular and cochlear divisions
Sensory, hearing and balance, damage here can affect these senses, balance and coordination issues associated with this

38
Q

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

A

IX
Sensory and motor, taste and swallowing

39
Q

Vagus Nerve

A

X
Sensory and motor, primarily heart and digestive regulation through parasympathetic nerve signaling

40
Q

Accessory nerve

A

XI
Motor
Neck and back movement (sternocleidomastoid and trapezius)

41
Q

Hypoglossal Nerve

A

CN XII
Motor
Muscles of the tongue, when affected the tongue will deviate to one side when projected forward

42
Q

Which cranial nerve supplies sensory innervation to the skin of the face?

A

Trigeminal nerve (CN V)

43
Q

What passageway connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle in the brain?

A

Cerebral aqueduct

44
Q

Which brain structure serves to connect the nervous and endocrine systems of the body?

A

Hypothalamus

45
Q

If a patient’s tongue deviates towards one side when he/she is asked to stick out forward, then which cranial nerve is affected?

A

Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

AN (7 decks)

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