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114: Anatomy > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is respiration?

A

process of bringing oxygen to all body cells and carrying carbon dioxide in opposite direction
2 steps: external and internal respiration

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2
Q

External respiration

A

in the lungs

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3
Q

Internal respiration

A

all over the body

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4
Q

What are the secondary functions of the respiratory system?

A

voice production, body temperature regulation, acid base balance regulation, and sense of smell

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5
Q

Phonation (voice production)

A

begins in the larynx aka the voice box

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6
Q

Vocal cords

A

= vocal folds
-made of fibrous c.t. bands
-stretch across lumen of the larynx
-vibrate as air passes over them
-produce basic sound of animal’s voice

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7
Q

How does the respiration system help body regulate temperature?

A

utilizes superficial blood vessels lining nasal passages
-inhaled air is warmed to prevent hypothermia
-panting increases evaporation of fluids to cool circulating blood

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8
Q

Acid base balance

A
  • important homeostatic mechanism of body
    -necessary for normal chemical reactions in cells
    *the respiratory system influences amount of CO2 in blood by rate of breathing
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9
Q

The more CO2,

A

the lower the blood PH (more acidic)
-we can adjust the rate and volume of breathing to influence this

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10
Q

Where are the receptors for sense of smell located?

A

sensory epithelium
-located high in nasal passages
-most animals have highly sensitive smell and less sensitive sight

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11
Q

Pheromones

A

chemical substance produced by an animal that can act like an external hormone capable of affecting the behavior of another animal in the same species
ex: flehmen response

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12
Q

Upper Respiratory Tract

A

all structures outside the lungs
-nostrils
-pharynx
-larynx
-trachea

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13
Q

Lower Respiratory Tract

A

all structures within the lungs
-bronchi
-bronchioles
-alveolar ducts
-alveoli

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14
Q

Nasal passages

A

b/w nares and pharynx

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15
Q

Nares

A

external openings of respiratory tube/nostrils

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16
Q

Nasal Septum

A

midline

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17
Q

Turbinates (nasal conchae)

A

divide each nasal passageway into 3 main passageways:
1. ventral nasal meatus
2. middle nasal meatus
3. dorsal nasal meatus

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18
Q

Main function of the nasal passage:

A

is to condition inhaled air
-warming
-humidifying
-filtering

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19
Q

Sinuses

A

-outpouchings of the nasal passages
-named for skull bones that house them

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20
Q

Pharynx

A

common passageway for respiratory and digestive systems

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21
Q

Pharynx division at rostral end

A

nasopharynx (respiratory)
oropharynx (digestive)

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22
Q

Pharynx division at caudal end

A

esophagus (digestive)
larynx (respiratory)

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23
Q

Larynx

A

-connects pharynx with the trachea
-supported by hyoid bone
-made up of cartilage segments: epiglottis and arytenoid cartilages

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24
Q

Epiglottis

A
  • most rostral of cartilages
  • covers larynx opening during swallowing
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25
Q

Vocal cords attached to

A

arytenoid cartilages; together form boundaries of the glottis
-muscles attached to cartilages adjust tension in cords

26
Q

False vocal cords

A

-in non-ruminant animals
-second set of c.t bands
-aka vestibular folds

27
Q

Functions of the larynx

A
  • part of the upper airway
    -voice production
    -prevention of inhalation of foreign matter
    -control of airflow to and from the lungs
28
Q

Trachea (Windpipe)

A

-fibrous tissue and smooth muscle held open by cartilage rings
-extends from larynx into thorax where it divides; bifurcation of the trachea

29
Q

Trachea rings

A
  • c shaped along length of trachea that prevent collapse during inhalation
    -ciliated lining, mucous layer
    *birds have complete cartilage rings
30
Q

Collapsed trachea

A

-unknown cause
-narrow space b/w ends of several C shaped tracheal rings are wider than normal
-animal inhales the widened area of smooth muscles get sucked down into lumen and partially blocks it

31
Q

Bronchial tree

A

autonomic nervous system controls diameter of tubes by adjusting muscle fibers in their walls
-bronchodilation
-bronchoconstriction

32
Q

Alveoli

A
  • tiny, thin walled sacs surrounded by capillaries
    -sacs lined with a line layer of fluid the contains a surfactant
    *external respiration takes place in alveoli
    -simple squamous epithelium
33
Q

Surfactant

A

reduces surface area which prevents collapse

34
Q

Asthma

A

most common in cats
-allergic condition typically chronic and progressive

35
Q

Lungs

A
  • cone shaped
    -light spongy
    -base lies directly on cranial surface of diaphragm
    -area b/w = mediastinum
36
Q

Lungs are subdivided into lobes

A

externally by visible grooves and clefts
internally by major branches of bronchi

37
Q

Left vs Right Lung

A

-same basic pattern among species
Left: 3 lobes (cranial, middle, caudal)
Right: 4 lobes (cranial, middle, caudal, accessory)
*exception = horse

38
Q

Hilus

A

small, well defined area on medial side
-air, blood, lymph, and nerves enter and leave the lung

39
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A
  • deO2 blood enters lungs (from right ventricle of heart through pulmonary artery)
    -follow bronchial tree and subdivide
    -capillary networks around alveoli (where CO2 and O2 are exchanged)
40
Q

Diaphragm

A
  • thin sheet of skeletal muscle
    -forms caudal boundary of thorax
    -acts as respiratory muscle: flattens when muscle contracts and enlarges volume of thorax
41
Q

Negative Intrathoracic Pressure

A

-partial vacuum exists w/in thorax (pulls lungs tightly out against thoracic wall)
-allows lungs to follow movements of thoracic wall and diaphragm
-aids in return of blood to the heart
(veins have no muscular pump to facilitate process)

42
Q

Inspiration

A

= inhalation
-process of drawing air into the lungs
-results from enlargement of volume of thorax (lungs follow enlargement passively, air is drawn into lungs)

43
Q

Main inspiratory muscles are

A

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

44
Q

Expiration

A

= exhalation
-pushing are out of lungs
-size of thorax decreased, lungs are compressed, air is pushed out through respiratory passageways

45
Q

Main expiratory muscles are

A

internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles

46
Q

Tidal volume

A

volume of air inspired and expired during one breath
-smaller at rest

47
Q

Minute volume

A

volume of air inspired and expired during one min

48
Q

Residual volume

A

volume of air remaining in lungs after maximum expiration

49
Q

Clinical significance Tidal Volume

A

the reservoir bag should hold about 5x the tidal volume

50
Q

Inhaled air

A

high O2
low CO2

51
Q

Blood entering capillary

A

low O2
high CO2

52
Q

Simple diffusion of gas molecules during Inspiration

A

high level of O2 in air diffuses into blood where level is lower
high level of CO2 in blood diffuses into air where level is lower

53
Q

Partial Pressure of Gases

A

pressure of each individual gas

54
Q

Breathing controlled by area

A

in medulla oblongata of the brain stem
-directs timing and strength of resp muscle contraction

55
Q

Mechanical Control System for breathing

A

-operates through stretch receptors in lungs
-preset/ autonomic system
-net effect is normal, rhythmic, resting breathing baseline pattern

56
Q

Chemical Control System for Breathing

A

-system affects breathing pattern only when something is out of balance
-chemical receptors monitor blood located in carotid artery, aorta, and brain stem
-monitors: CO2 content, pH, O2 content

57
Q

Hypercapnia / Hypoventilation

A

increased CO2 in the blood
-decreases blood pH (acidosis)
-tiggers respiratory center to increase rate and depth of respiration

58
Q

Hypocapnia / Hyperventilation

A

decreased CO2 in blood
-increases blood pH (alkalosis)
-triggers respiratory center to decrease rate and depth of respiration

59
Q

Slight hypoxia (not enough O2 in blood)

A

respiratory center signaled to increase rate and depth of breathing

60
Q

Severe hypoxia

A

neurons of respiratory system become so depressed that impulses cant be sent to respiratory muscles
-can cause breathing to decrease or stop completely

61
Q
A

114: Anatomy (7 decks)

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