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114: Anatomy > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

What is respiration?

A

process of bringing oxygen to all body cells and carrying carbon dioxide in opposite direction
2 steps: external and internal respiration

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2
Q

External respiration

A

in the lungs

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3
Q

Internal respiration

A

all over the body

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4
Q

What are the secondary functions of the respiratory system?

A

voice production, body temperature regulation, acid base balance regulation, and sense of smell

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5
Q

Phonation (voice production)

A

begins in the larynx aka the voice box

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6
Q

Vocal cords

A

= vocal folds
-made of fibrous c.t. bands
-stretch across lumen of the larynx
-vibrate as air passes over them
-produce basic sound of animal’s voice

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7
Q

How does the respiration system help body regulate temperature?

A

utilizes superficial blood vessels lining nasal passages
-inhaled air is warmed to prevent hypothermia
-panting increases evaporation of fluids to cool circulating blood

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8
Q

Acid base balance

A
  • important homeostatic mechanism of body
    -necessary for normal chemical reactions in cells
    *the respiratory system influences amount of CO2 in blood by rate of breathing
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9
Q

The more CO2,

A

the lower the blood PH (more acidic)
-we can adjust the rate and volume of breathing to influence this

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10
Q

Where are the receptors for sense of smell located?

A

sensory epithelium
-located high in nasal passages
-most animals have highly sensitive smell and less sensitive sight

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11
Q

Pheromones

A

chemical substance produced by an animal that can act like an external hormone capable of affecting the behavior of another animal in the same species
ex: flehmen response

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12
Q

Upper Respiratory Tract

A

all structures outside the lungs
-nostrils
-pharynx
-larynx
-trachea

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13
Q

Lower Respiratory Tract

A

all structures within the lungs
-bronchi
-bronchioles
-alveolar ducts
-alveoli

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14
Q

Nasal passages

A

b/w nares and pharynx

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15
Q

Nares

A

external openings of respiratory tube/nostrils

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16
Q

Nasal Septum

A

midline

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17
Q

Turbinates (nasal conchae)

A

divide each nasal passageway into 3 main passageways:
1. ventral nasal meatus
2. middle nasal meatus
3. dorsal nasal meatus

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18
Q

Main function of the nasal passage:

A

is to condition inhaled air
-warming
-humidifying
-filtering

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19
Q

Sinuses

A

-outpouchings of the nasal passages
-named for skull bones that house them

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20
Q

Pharynx

A

common passageway for respiratory and digestive systems

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21
Q

Pharynx division at rostral end

A

nasopharynx (respiratory)
oropharynx (digestive)

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22
Q

Pharynx division at caudal end

A

esophagus (digestive)
larynx (respiratory)

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23
Q

Larynx

A

-connects pharynx with the trachea
-supported by hyoid bone
-made up of cartilage segments: epiglottis and arytenoid cartilages

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24
Q

Epiglottis

A
  • most rostral of cartilages
  • covers larynx opening during swallowing
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25
Vocal cords attached to
arytenoid cartilages; together form boundaries of the glottis -muscles attached to cartilages adjust tension in cords
26
False vocal cords
-in non-ruminant animals -second set of c.t bands -aka vestibular folds
27
Functions of the larynx
- part of the upper airway -voice production -prevention of inhalation of foreign matter -control of airflow to and from the lungs
28
Trachea (Windpipe)
-fibrous tissue and smooth muscle held open by cartilage rings -extends from larynx into thorax where it divides; bifurcation of the trachea
29
Trachea rings
- c shaped along length of trachea that prevent collapse during inhalation -ciliated lining, mucous layer *birds have complete cartilage rings
30
Collapsed trachea
-unknown cause -narrow space b/w ends of several C shaped tracheal rings are wider than normal -animal inhales the widened area of smooth muscles get sucked down into lumen and partially blocks it
31
Bronchial tree
autonomic nervous system controls diameter of tubes by adjusting muscle fibers in their walls -bronchodilation -bronchoconstriction
32
Alveoli
- tiny, thin walled sacs surrounded by capillaries -sacs lined with a line layer of fluid the contains a surfactant *external respiration takes place in alveoli -simple squamous epithelium
33
Surfactant
reduces surface area which prevents collapse
34
Asthma
most common in cats -allergic condition typically chronic and progressive
35
Lungs
- cone shaped -light spongy -base lies directly on cranial surface of diaphragm -area b/w = mediastinum
36
Lungs are subdivided into lobes
externally by visible grooves and clefts internally by major branches of bronchi
37
Left vs Right Lung
-same basic pattern among species Left: 3 lobes (cranial, middle, caudal) Right: 4 lobes (cranial, middle, caudal, accessory) *exception = horse
38
Hilus
small, well defined area on medial side -air, blood, lymph, and nerves enter and leave the lung
39
Pulmonary Circulation
- deO2 blood enters lungs (from right ventricle of heart through pulmonary artery) -follow bronchial tree and subdivide -capillary networks around alveoli (where CO2 and O2 are exchanged)
40
Diaphragm
- thin sheet of skeletal muscle -forms caudal boundary of thorax -acts as respiratory muscle: flattens when muscle contracts and enlarges volume of thorax
41
Negative Intrathoracic Pressure
-partial vacuum exists w/in thorax (pulls lungs tightly out against thoracic wall) -allows lungs to follow movements of thoracic wall and diaphragm -aids in return of blood to the heart (veins have no muscular pump to facilitate process)
42
Inspiration
= inhalation -process of drawing air into the lungs -results from enlargement of volume of thorax (lungs follow enlargement passively, air is drawn into lungs)
43
Main inspiratory muscles are
diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
44
Expiration
= exhalation -pushing are out of lungs -size of thorax decreased, lungs are compressed, air is pushed out through respiratory passageways
45
Main expiratory muscles are
internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles
46
Tidal volume
volume of air inspired and expired during one breath -smaller at rest
47
Minute volume
volume of air inspired and expired during one min
48
Residual volume
volume of air remaining in lungs after maximum expiration
49
Clinical significance Tidal Volume
the reservoir bag should hold about 5x the tidal volume
50
Inhaled air
high O2 low CO2
51
Blood entering capillary
low O2 high CO2
52
Simple diffusion of gas molecules during Inspiration
high level of O2 in air diffuses into blood where level is lower high level of CO2 in blood diffuses into air where level is lower
53
Partial Pressure of Gases
pressure of each individual gas
54
Breathing controlled by area
in medulla oblongata of the brain stem -directs timing and strength of resp muscle contraction
55
Mechanical Control System for breathing
-operates through stretch receptors in lungs -preset/ autonomic system -net effect is normal, rhythmic, resting breathing baseline pattern
56
Chemical Control System for Breathing
-system affects breathing pattern only when something is out of balance -chemical receptors monitor blood located in carotid artery, aorta, and brain stem -monitors: CO2 content, pH, O2 content
57
Hypercapnia / Hypoventilation
increased CO2 in the blood -decreases blood pH (acidosis) -tiggers respiratory center to increase rate and depth of respiration
58
Hypocapnia / Hyperventilation
decreased CO2 in blood -increases blood pH (alkalosis) -triggers respiratory center to decrease rate and depth of respiration
59
Slight hypoxia (not enough O2 in blood)
respiratory center signaled to increase rate and depth of breathing
60
Severe hypoxia
neurons of respiratory system become so depressed that impulses cant be sent to respiratory muscles -can cause breathing to decrease or stop completely
61

114: Anatomy (7 decks)

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