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114: Anatomy > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is digestion?

A

part of the process where large molecules are broken down into smaller components
-mechanical and chemical breakdown

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2
Q

4 layers of tissue in GI tract

A
  1. mucosa
  2. submucosa (dense c.t.)
  3. muscular layer
  4. serosa
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3
Q

What is in the mucosa?

A

-epithelial
-lamina propria
-muscularis mucosa

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4
Q

Regulation of GI Functions

A

1 - combination of CNS and endocrine system
2- enteric nervous system with intrinsic endocrine paracrine component

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5
Q

Oral Cavity

A
  • aka Buccal
  • 2 parts: vestibule and oral
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6
Q

Vestibule of Buccal Cavity

A

space b/w lips and cheeks, and outer surface of teeth

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7
Q

Oral Cavity of Buccal Cavity

A

bordered by inner surface of teeth, and hard/soft palates

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8
Q

What is the crown of the tooth covered by?

A

enamel

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9
Q

What forms the bulk of a tooth?

A

dentin

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10
Q

What does dentin surround?

A

pulp cavity that contains blood and nerves

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11
Q

Cementum

A

-thin
-covers roots of brachyodont teeth and most of the entire tooth superficial to the enamel in hypsodont teeth

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12
Q

Brachyodont teeth

A

-found in carnivores, humans, pigs, and ruminant incisors
-small crown, well developed roots
*do not grow continually

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13
Q

Hypsodont teeth

A

-horses incisors and cheek teeth, boar’s tusks, rodents, lagomorphs
-large reserve of crown beneath gingiva
*grow continually

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14
Q

2 categories of Hypsodont teeth

A

radicular and aradicular

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15
Q

Radicular Hyposodont

A

-apices of roots remain open for a long time
*apices eventually close and stop growing
-found in cheek teeth of horses

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16
Q

Aradicular Hypsodont

A

-lack a true root
*grow continuously throughout life of animal
-found in lagomorphs and some rodents

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17
Q

Deciduous Teeth

A

aka milk teeth/baby teeth
-smaller, whiter
-present in jaw at birth
-erupt through gums at different times depending on species

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18
Q

Tongue

A

-muscular structure on ventral surface in oral cavity
-papillae on dorsal surface
-pain, temperature, touch, and thermoregulation through panting

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19
Q

Papillae functions

A

mechanical: grooming and moving food into pharynx
specialized: taste sensations

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20
Q

Amylase

A

starch digesting enzyme
-dogs, cats, ruminants lack salivary amylase

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21
Q

Salivary bicarbonate

A

ruminants (very basic) helps neutralize

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22
Q

Functions of Saliva

A

-lubrication
-antibacterial action
-pH regulation
-thermoregulation
-enzymatic digestion

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23
Q

Saliva is secreted by 3 main paired glands

A
  1. parotid
  2. mandibular
  3. sublingual
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24
Q

Salivary mucocele

A

saliva accumulates in the tissue due to damaged salivary gland or duct

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25
Q

Temporomandibular Joint = TMJ

A

-connections b/w condylar process of mandible and mandibular fossa of temporal bone
-used for extension, flexion, translation (mandible movement laterally and rostrally)

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26
Q

Pharynx

A

-part of GI tract and respiratory tract
-eustachian tube, tonsils

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27
Q

Esophagus

A

-muscular tube connecting pharynx to stomach
-lined w/ mucosa
-tunica muscularis: 2 layers (circular and longitudinal) needed to move food
-starts DORSAL to the trachea then goes to the LEFT of it

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28
Q

Deglutition

A

swallowing
stage 1: voluntary
stage 2: pharyngeal stage- involuntary, epiglottis covers glottis
stage 3: esophageal stage- initiates PERISTALSIS

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29
Q

Salivary secretion is

A

-regulated by the nervous system
-triggered by conditioned responses

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30
Q

Peristalsis

A

pattern of muscle contraction that propels food through the GI tract

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31
Q

Serous Membranes found in abdominal cavity:

A

-visceral peritoneum
-parietal peritoneum
-mesentery
-omentum

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32
Q

What does the Omentum do?

A

stores fat and insulates abdomen

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33
Q

Functions of the stomach

A

-storage of ingested food
-mechanical and chemical breakdown of food
-production of intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 absorption in small intestine

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34
Q

Food leaves stomach in semi liquid form called

A

chyme
-usually hypertonic and has low pH

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35
Q

Monogastric

A

simple, single stomach
-dogs, cats, horses

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36
Q

Ruminant

A

complex stomach consisting of 4 chambers
-cows, goats, sheep

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37
Q

Anatomy of the Monogastric Stomach

A

-c- shaped, behind diaphragm
parts:
cardia, fundus, body, antrum, pylorus

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38
Q

Rugae

A

transient folds in gastric muscosa
-allows stomach to expand when filled with food
-increase surface area for absorption

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39
Q

Gastric Pits

A

different glandular cells, each with different secretions

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40
Q

Chief cells

A

pepsinogen

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41
Q

Parietal cells

A

HCL/intrinsic factor

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42
Q

Pepsin

A

-proteolytic enzyme (break apart proteins)
-begins chemical digestions of proteins
-activated in the fundus
-starts as pepsinogen

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43
Q

Pepsinogen is converted to pepsin in the presence of

A

HCL

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44
Q

Pyloric Gland Region of Stomach

A
  • last glandular portion of stomach
    -opens into duodenum through pyloric sphincter
    -cells found here: mucous secreting cells, G cells secreting GASTRIN
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45
Q

What 3 substances stimulate secretions by glandular cells?

A

-acetylcholine
-gastrin
-histamine

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46
Q

Acetylcholine

A

-from cholinergic neurons
-stimulate chief and parietal cells

47
Q

Gastrin

A

-released by G cells
-stimulate mainly parietal cells indirectly which causes ECL to release hist

48
Q

Histamine

A

-secreted by ECL cells in gastric mucosa
-stimulate many parietal cells

49
Q

Acetylcholine and Histamine act on

A

parietal cells to increase H and Cl production

50
Q

Gastrin indirectly

A

works to release histamine

51
Q

Cephalic phase of secretion

A

anticipation of eating a meal
*acetylcholine is released and bind to receptors:
-parietal cells secrete H+ and Cl ione
-chief cells secrete pepsinogen into stomach
-G cells secrete gastrin into bloodstream

52
Q

Gastric phase of secretion

A

begins when food enters stomach
-glandular cells stimulated by stretching of stomach wall
-peptides formed by protein breakdown
-local enteric reflexes, and vagal reflexes to and from brain
-released acetylcholine stimulates secretions
-stomach can be acidic as ph 2.0

53
Q

Monogastric Stomach Motility

A

*muscle contractions of stomach wall help break down food particles
-gastric contents released via pyloric muscle contractions through the pyloric sphincter at controlled rate

54
Q

What does the fundus do?

A

expands to accommodate large volumes of food

55
Q

What does the body of the stomach do?

A

large mixing chamber

56
Q

What does the pyloric antrum of the stomach do?

A

acts like a pump

57
Q

Peristaltic Contrations

A

-movements weak in fundus and body
-get stronger as food moves toward pylorus
*larger particles prevented from leaving stomach
-retropulsion: forced backwards to continue grinding

58
Q

Control of Gastric Motility involves

A

neurohumoral control = both neurotransmitters and hormones

59
Q

Fiber of Vagus Nerve X

A

synapse on cells in gastric myenteric plexus

60
Q

What does gastrin do?

A

causes motility to increase but it is more important for the secretion of gastric juices
-stimulated by the presence of food

61
Q

What is gastrin?

A

hormone produced by cells in stomach wall; acts upon stomach wall
-causes gastric stomach glands to secrete hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes
-encourage muscular contractions of stomach wall

62
Q

What is the rate of gastric emptying controlled by?

A

-strength of pyloric antral muscle contractions
-(lesser extent) degree of contraction of pyloric sphincter

63
Q

What hormones released by small intestine can also delay gastric emptying?

A

-secretin
-cholecystokinin

64
Q

Secretin

A

stimulates pancreas to secrete fluid to neutralize acidic chyme

65
Q

Cholecystokinin

A

stimulates pancreas to release digestive enzymes

66
Q

What is essential to increasing amount of food surface area?

A

mechanical digestion

67
Q

Chemical digestion

A

-digestive enzyme responsible
- 2 phases: luminal digestion and membranous chemical digestion (both hydrolysis)

68
Q

Carbohydrates

A

made of repeating units of monosaccharides
-starches
-sugars
-cellulose

69
Q

Chemical digestion of Carbs

A

-some animals begins with AMYLASE in saliva
(mostly done in the stomach)
-for those who do not have that, begins with PANCREATIC AMYLASE in small intestine

70
Q

Proteins

A

repeating amino acid units
-protein bigger than peptide

71
Q

Lipids

A

majority of fat found in diet

72
Q

Protein digestion

A

-begins in stomach; continues in small intestine
-pepsinogen released by chief cells, activated by HCL to pepsin

73
Q

What does pepsin do?

A

breaks down protein into peptide chains

74
Q

Abomasum

A

functions the same as monogastric stomach
“true stomach”

75
Q

Forestomach

A

(1st 3 chambers)
-reticulum
-rumen
-omasum

76
Q

Forestomachs are

A

non glandular
-microorganisms for fermentation in rumen and reticulum

77
Q

Rumen

A

“the paunch”
-occupies most of left side of abdominal cavity
-microorganisms ferment carbohydrates

78
Q

Reticulum

A

“the honeycomb”
-cranial to rumen
-another area for fermentation
-contents easily enter and exit

79
Q

Omasum

A

“many pile” or “book stomach”
-absorption of water and salts here

80
Q

Esophageal Groove

A

links esophagus with omasum in young ruminant
-milk from nursing bypasses reticulum and it goes to omasum and abomasum

81
Q

If esophageal groove did not exist

A

-bacteria in reticulorumen would ferment milk
-lactic acid produced would inhibit normal microbial action

82
Q

Abomasum

A

elongated “true stomach”
-lined with glandular tissue
-functions like simple monogastric stomach BUT IT IS NOT A STORAGE COMPARTMENT
-continuous flow if ingesta

83
Q

Abomasum in young animals

A

released renin causes milk protein coagulation
-prolongs time for pepsin to break down proteins

84
Q

Motility of ruminant stomach

A

ruminant create a lot of saliva that is very alkaline due to bicarbonate to help neutralize the acids produced by fermentation

85
Q

Contractions in Reticulorumen

A

primary = mixing contractions

86
Q

Rumination

A

chewing the cud
-ingesta moves from reticulorumen back into oral cavity for additional saliva and chewing

87
Q

Eructation

A

belching/secondary contractions
-release of gas
-without = bloat

88
Q

Reticulorumen Ecosystem

A

wide variety of bacteria, protozoa, and fungi
-proper balance b/w types acquired after birth

89
Q

VFA’s

A

main source of energy for ruminant (in monogastric this is glucose)

90
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

occurs in liver from non-carbohydrate sources

91
Q

Small intestine

A

-tube that carries chyme away from the stomach and deposits it into the large intestine
-3 parts: duodenum, jejunum,ileum

92
Q

Duodenum

A

receives chyme through pyloric sphincter

93
Q

Jejunum

A

-longest part
-most chemical digestion and absorption occur here (in animals that do not rely on fermentation)

94
Q

Ileum

A

can not grossly tell the difference b/w jejunum and ileum
-empties into large intestine at cecum (horse), at colon (dog and cat), or at cecum and colon (ruminant and pig)

95
Q

Adaptations to small intestine to increase surface area

A

-plications (folds) in mucosal lining
-villi in mucose contain microvilli (brush border)
-intestinal crypts

96
Q

Lacteals

A

lymphatic capillaries
-carry absorbed lipids and fat soluble substances to thoracic duct, and into vena cava

97
Q

Blood capillaries

A

collect some absorbed nutrients and transport the to the liver

98
Q

Functions of Cholecystokinin

A

-inhibits gastric emptying
-causes increased secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes and of bicarbonate
-triggers gall bladder contraction
-stimulates secretion of enteropeptidase (from duodenum); trypsin to trypsinogen

99
Q

Functions of Secretin

A

-decreases HCl production in the stomach
-increases pancreatic and biliary bicarbonate secretions

100
Q

Pancreas functions

A

-endocrine: pancreatic islets
-exocrine: groups of acini

101
Q

Pancreatic Islets

A

-contain several different cell types
-beta cells secrete insulin
-alpha cells produce glucagon

102
Q

Groups of Acini

A

-ducts merge to converge into pancreatic duct
-excretions contain bicarbonate and digestive proenzymes
-anticipation of food causes increase of secretions
-neural and endocrine stimuli increase secretions

103
Q

What enzymes are vital to digestion?

A

lipase, amylase, nuclease, protease

104
Q

Proenzyme (Zymogen)

A

all proteolytic enzymes secreted in inactive form
-CCK starts the activation process

105
Q

Trypsinogen into Trypsin is responsible for

A

activating the other zymogens released by pancreas

106
Q

Liver

A

largest digestive gland in the body

107
Q

Functions of the liver

A

-secretes substances essential for digestion and absorption of nutrients
-synthesizes nutrients and regulates their release into the bloodstream
-excretes toxic substances
-produces plasma proteins, cholesterol, and blood coagulation factors

108
Q

Liver cells

A

hepatocytes

109
Q

How does the liver receive blood?

A

hepatic portal vein (blood with all GI nutrients/toxins) and hepatic artery (O2 blood)

110
Q

Blood leaves liver via

A

hepatic vein

111
Q

Gallbladder

A

concentrates and stores bile until needed

112
Q

Composition of bile

A

-bile salts
-phospholipids
-cholesterol
-bile pigments

113
Q
A

114: Anatomy (7 decks)

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