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114: Anatomy > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

What is the cardiovascular system also know as?

A

The circulatory system
-bc blood continuously flows around animal’s body propelled by the heart

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2
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A

refers to the lung
-controlled by the right, receives deoxygenated blood

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3
Q

Systemic Circulation

A

refers to the body
-controlled by the left, receives oxygenated blood

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4
Q

What do arteries do?

A

carry blood away from the heart

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5
Q

What do veins do?

A

carry blood toward the heart

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6
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

form the transition between arteries and veins

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7
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

in the middle of thoracic cavity/ the MEDIASTINUM

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8
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

in the space b/w the 2 lungs
-contains blood vessels, the esophagus, trachea, thymus in young animals, LN and nerves

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9
Q

Where does the apex sit?

A

shifted to the left and sits more ventrally

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10
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

fibrous sac containing the heart; has 2 parts:
1. pericardial sac
2. serous pericardium

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11
Q

Pericardial sac

A

more fibrous, a little loose so that the heart has space to pump

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12
Q

Serous pericardium

A

visceral layer- on heart
parietal layer- on sac

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13
Q

What is the pericardial space filled with?

A

pericardial fluid b/w the 2 serous pericardial layers

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14
Q

What are the 3 layers in the heart wall?

A
  1. epicardium
  2. myocardium
  3. endocardium
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15
Q

Epicardium

A

-most superficial
-serous pericardium

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16
Q

Myocardium

A

muscle

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17
Q

Endocardium

A

-lies on the internal surface of myocardium
-continuous with endothelium of the blood vessels
-cover papillary muscles

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18
Q

Atria (plural) /Atrium (singular)

A

sits on top of heart to form the base
-receives blood into heart
-separated by interatrial septum
-when filled with blood, walls contract and send blood to ventricles

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19
Q

Ventricles

A

sit below atria to form apex
-separated by interventricular septum
-pump blood out of the heart

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20
Q

What does the right ventricle do?

A

pumps blood to pulmonary circulation through the pulmonary artery

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21
Q

What does the left ventricle do?

A

pumps blood to the rest of the body through the aorta

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22
Q

What are auricles?

A

R/L
blind pouches that come off the atria

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23
Q

What is the inter ventricular groove?

A

-formed by the interventricular septum but on the the visible surface of the heart
-CONTAINS CORONARY BLOOD VESSELS AND FAT

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24
Q

Cardiac Valves

A

4 one way valves control blood flow through the heart

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25
Chordae tendonae
prevent valves from opening backwards
26
What are Atrioventricular valves (AV valves)
between the atrium and their respective ventricles (2) 1. Tricuspid valve 2. Mitral valve
27
Tricuspid valve
Right AV valve
28
Mitral valve
aka Bicuspid valve Left AV valve
29
What are the semilunar valves?
1. Pulmonary valve 2. Aortic valve
30
Pulmonary valve
b/w the right ventricle and pulmonary artery
31
Aortic valve
b/w the left ventricle and the aorta
32
Skeleton of the heart
-located b/w the atria and ventricles -4 dense fibrous c.t. tissue rings
33
What are the 4 primary functions of the skeleton of the heart?
1. separates atria and ventricles 2. anchors heart valves 3. point of attachment for myocardium 4. electrical insulation b/w atria and ventricles
34
Coronary arteries
branch off aorta
35
Coronary veins
coronary sinus drains into right atrium
36
Nerve supply to heart
not essential but serves a purpose (cardiac muscle creates its own contractions and relaxations)
37
What happens during the cardiac cycle?
-one heartbeat is produced -one cycle of the atrial and ventricular contraction followed by relaxation -each chamber goes through systole and diastole but not at the same time
38
Systole
myocardium contracting, "working"
39
Diastole
myocardium relaxing and repolarizing
40
Normal heart sounds
-produced by heart valves snapping shut -one cardiac cycle produces two distinct heart sounds
41
lub
after atrial systole= S1 tricuspid and mitral valves snap shut
42
dub
after ventricular systole= S2 pulmonary and aortic valves snap shut
43
PAM
-you can hear pulmonic, aortic, and mitral valves best on the left -tricuspid on the right
44
Abnormal heart sounds
extra sounds heard when 2 AV valves or 2 semilunar valves are not closing simultaneously -valvular insufficiency (don't close all the way) and valvular stenosis (won't open all the way)
45
What is Cardiac Output?
volume of blood that is ejected out of the left ventricle over a unit of time, usually a minute CO = SV x HR
46
What is Stroke Volume?
-represents the strength of the heartbeat -determined by 2 factors: preload and afterload
47
Preload
volume of blood received from the atrium
48
Afterload
physical resistance by artery the ventricle is ejecting blood into
49
Characteristics of Arteries
-usually come in pairs -2 types: elastic and muscular
50
Largest elastic artery
aorta
51
Smallest branch of arterial tree
arterioles
52
Characteristics of Capillaries
-microscopic blood vessels from branching arterioles -occur in groups called capillary beds/networks -walls are one endothelial cell thick
53
Characteristic of veins
-capillaries join together to form venules -one way valves and muscular movements (working against gravity)
54
All systemic veins drain into
vena cava
55
How does a fetus receive oxygen?
from the blood of its mother (placenta) through the umbilical cord
56
What is pulse?
rate of alternating stretching and recoiling of elastic fibers in an artery as blood passes through with each heartbeat -auscultation is not a true pulse
57
What happens after first breath?
foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus close so that blood no longer bypasses the lungs
58
What is blood pressure?
amount of pressure that flowing blood exerts on arterial walls; dependent on: -heart rate -stroke volume -diameter and elasticity of the artery -total blood volume
59
Systolic blood pressure
highest number
60
Diastolic blood pressure
lowest number
61
Mean arterial pressure
average pressure during one cardiac cycle
62
Oscillometric method
cuff placed over artery -not good for animals with high HR or arrythmias
63
Doppler ultrasound
-transducer attached to sphygmomanometer -accurately measures systolic blood pressure only -preferred method for cats and small dogs
64

114: Anatomy (7 decks)

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