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114: Anatomy > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cardiovascular system also know as?

A

The circulatory system
-bc blood continuously flows around animal’s body propelled by the heart

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2
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A

refers to the lung
-controlled by the right, receives deoxygenated blood

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3
Q

Systemic Circulation

A

refers to the body
-controlled by the left, receives oxygenated blood

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4
Q

What do arteries do?

A

carry blood away from the heart

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5
Q

What do veins do?

A

carry blood toward the heart

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6
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

form the transition between arteries and veins

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7
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

in the middle of thoracic cavity/ the MEDIASTINUM

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8
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

in the space b/w the 2 lungs
-contains blood vessels, the esophagus, trachea, thymus in young animals, LN and nerves

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9
Q

Where does the apex sit?

A

shifted to the left and sits more ventrally

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10
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

fibrous sac containing the heart; has 2 parts:
1. pericardial sac
2. serous pericardium

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11
Q

Pericardial sac

A

more fibrous, a little loose so that the heart has space to pump

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12
Q

Serous pericardium

A

visceral layer- on heart
parietal layer- on sac

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13
Q

What is the pericardial space filled with?

A

pericardial fluid b/w the 2 serous pericardial layers

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14
Q

What are the 3 layers in the heart wall?

A
  1. epicardium
  2. myocardium
  3. endocardium
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15
Q

Epicardium

A

-most superficial
-serous pericardium

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16
Q

Myocardium

A

muscle

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17
Q

Endocardium

A

-lies on the internal surface of myocardium
-continuous with endothelium of the blood vessels
-cover papillary muscles

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18
Q

Atria (plural) /Atrium (singular)

A

sits on top of heart to form the base
-receives blood into heart
-separated by interatrial septum
-when filled with blood, walls contract and send blood to ventricles

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19
Q

Ventricles

A

sit below atria to form apex
-separated by interventricular septum
-pump blood out of the heart

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20
Q

What does the right ventricle do?

A

pumps blood to pulmonary circulation through the pulmonary artery

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21
Q

What does the left ventricle do?

A

pumps blood to the rest of the body through the aorta

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22
Q

What are auricles?

A

R/L
blind pouches that come off the atria

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23
Q

What is the inter ventricular groove?

A

-formed by the interventricular septum but on the the visible surface of the heart
-CONTAINS CORONARY BLOOD VESSELS AND FAT

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24
Q

Cardiac Valves

A

4 one way valves control blood flow through the heart

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25
Q

Chordae tendonae

A

prevent valves from opening backwards

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26
Q

What are Atrioventricular valves (AV valves)

A

between the atrium and their respective ventricles (2)
1. Tricuspid valve
2. Mitral valve

27
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

Right AV valve

28
Q

Mitral valve

A

aka Bicuspid valve
Left AV valve

29
Q

What are the semilunar valves?

A
  1. Pulmonary valve
  2. Aortic valve
30
Q

Pulmonary valve

A

b/w the right ventricle and pulmonary artery

31
Q

Aortic valve

A

b/w the left ventricle and the aorta

32
Q

Skeleton of the heart

A

-located b/w the atria and ventricles
-4 dense fibrous c.t. tissue rings

33
Q

What are the 4 primary functions of the skeleton of the heart?

A
  1. separates atria and ventricles
  2. anchors heart valves
  3. point of attachment for myocardium
  4. electrical insulation b/w atria and ventricles
34
Q

Coronary arteries

A

branch off aorta

35
Q

Coronary veins

A

coronary sinus drains into right atrium

36
Q

Nerve supply to heart

A

not essential but serves a purpose
(cardiac muscle creates its own contractions and relaxations)

37
Q

What happens during the cardiac cycle?

A

-one heartbeat is produced
-one cycle of the atrial and ventricular contraction followed by relaxation
-each chamber goes through systole and diastole but not at the same time

38
Q

Systole

A

myocardium contracting, “working”

39
Q

Diastole

A

myocardium relaxing and repolarizing

40
Q

Normal heart sounds

A

-produced by heart valves snapping shut
-one cardiac cycle produces two distinct heart sounds

41
Q

lub

A

after atrial systole= S1
tricuspid and mitral valves snap shut

42
Q

dub

A

after ventricular systole= S2
pulmonary and aortic valves snap shut

43
Q

PAM

A

-you can hear pulmonic, aortic, and mitral valves best on the left
-tricuspid on the right

44
Q

Abnormal heart sounds

A

extra sounds heard when 2 AV valves or 2 semilunar valves are not closing simultaneously
-valvular insufficiency (don’t close all the way) and valvular stenosis (won’t open all the way)

45
Q

What is Cardiac Output?

A

volume of blood that is ejected out of the left ventricle over a unit of time, usually a minute
CO = SV x HR

46
Q

What is Stroke Volume?

A

-represents the strength of the heartbeat
-determined by 2 factors: preload and afterload

47
Q

Preload

A

volume of blood received from the atrium

48
Q

Afterload

A

physical resistance by artery the ventricle is ejecting blood into

49
Q

Characteristics of Arteries

A

-usually come in pairs
-2 types: elastic and muscular

50
Q

Largest elastic artery

A

aorta

51
Q

Smallest branch of arterial tree

A

arterioles

52
Q

Characteristics of Capillaries

A

-microscopic blood vessels from branching arterioles
-occur in groups called capillary beds/networks
-walls are one endothelial cell thick

53
Q

Characteristic of veins

A

-capillaries join together to form venules
-one way valves and muscular movements (working against gravity)

54
Q

All systemic veins drain into

A

vena cava

55
Q

How does a fetus receive oxygen?

A

from the blood of its mother (placenta) through the umbilical cord

56
Q

What is pulse?

A

rate of alternating stretching and recoiling of elastic fibers in an artery as blood passes through with each heartbeat
-auscultation is not a true pulse

57
Q

What happens after first breath?

A

foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus close so that blood no longer bypasses the lungs

58
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

amount of pressure that flowing blood exerts on arterial walls; dependent on:
-heart rate
-stroke volume
-diameter and elasticity of the artery
-total blood volume

59
Q

Systolic blood pressure

A

highest number

60
Q

Diastolic blood pressure

A

lowest number

61
Q

Mean arterial pressure

A

average pressure during one cardiac cycle

62
Q

Oscillometric method

A

cuff placed over artery
-not good for animals with high HR or arrythmias

63
Q

Doppler ultrasound

A

-transducer attached to sphygmomanometer
-accurately measures systolic blood pressure only
-preferred method for cats and small dogs

64
Q
A

114: Anatomy (7 decks)

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