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114: Anatomy > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

114

1
Q

How does the endocrine system use chemicals to carry messages?

A

-hormones secreted directly into bloodstream
-travel long distances to reach targets
-body reacts more slowly to changes

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2
Q

What are hormones?

A

chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands and secreted directly into blood vessels
-only produce effects when they bind to their specific receptors in or on cells

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3
Q

Peptide hormone

A

-hydrophilic chains of amino acids
-receptors located on cell membrane of target cells

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4
Q

Steroid hormones (lipids)

A

-synthesized from cholesterol
-hydrophobic so attach to transport protein to make a bound protein that is hydrophilic

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5
Q

Monoamine hormones

A

-hydrophobic or hydrophilic
(derived from AA and retain in amino group)
-receptors for catecholamines located on cell membranes
-receptors for thyroid hormones located in the nucleus

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6
Q

What is activity of a gland affected by?

A

feed back regulation

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7
Q

Negative Feedback

A

activity is decreased by rising levels of hormone

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8
Q

Positive Feedback

A

activity increased by rising levels of hormone

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9
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

controls activities of pituitary gland like appetite control, body temp regulation, etc

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10
Q

What happens in the hypothalamus?

A

-modified neurons secrete releasing and inhibiting factors into portal blood vessels
-along with ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH) and OXYTOCIN

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11
Q

What happens to ADH and oxytocin?

A

transported to posterior pituitary for storage then released into bloodstream by nerve impulses from hypothalamus

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12
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

“Master Endocrine Glad”
- has anterior and posterior

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13
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

produces hormones when stimulated
-embryonically from glandular tissue
-rostral

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14
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

stores and released hormones
-embryonically from nervous tissue
-caudal portion

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15
Q

What hormones does anterior pituitary hormones?

A
  1. Growth hormone
  2. Prolactin
  3. Thyroid-stimulating hormone
  4. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
  5. Follicle stimulating hormone
  6. Luteinizing hormone
  7. Melanocyte stimulating hormone
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16
Q

Growth Hormone (GH)

A

-promotes body growth in young animals
-helps regulate metabolism of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrate in all body cells
(encourages anabolism (synthesis) of proteins, release of lipids in storage and their catabolism, discourages cells from using carbohydrates)

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17
Q

Prolactin

A

-helps trigger and maintain lactation

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18
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A

-stimulates growth and development of thyroid gland -causes thyroid gland to produce its hormones

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19
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

A

-stimulates growth and development of adrenal cortex, and release of some of its hormones
-production regulated by feedback from hormones of adrenal cortex
-can be released quickly as result of stress

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20
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A

female:
-simulates oogenesis
-stimulates production and secretion of estrogen
male:
-stimulates spermatogenesis

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21
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A

-complete process of follicle development in ovary
-LH in males stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone

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22
Q

Melanocyte Simulating Hormone (MH)

A

associated with control of color changes in pigment cells of reptiles, fish, and amphibians

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23
Q

What hormones does the posterior pituitary store?

A
  1. antidiuretic hormone
  2. oxytocin
    (hormones from hypothalamus are transported along nerve fiber, and stored in nerve endings)
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24
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

-aka vasopressin
-helps prevent diuresis
-released when hypothalamus detects dehydration

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25
Q

Oxytocin

A

uterus:
-induces uterine contractions at breeding/parturition
mammary glands:
-stimulation of teat by nursing or milking, causes oxytocin to be released
-causes movement of milk down

26
Q

Thyroid gland

A

-2 lobes on either side of larynx (R/L); lobes may be connected by isthmus
-composed of tens of thousand tiny follicles which store thyroid hormone precursor
-only endocrine that stores large amount of hormone precursor for later use

27
Q

2 hormones produced in thyroid gland follicles

A

-thyroid hormone
-calcitonin

28
Q

Effects of thyroid hormones

A

-regulates metabolic rate of all body’s cells
-affects metabolism of proteins, carbs, lipids
-necessary for normal growth and development of young animals

29
Q

Calcitonin

A

-produced by C cells b/w thyroid follicles
-helps maintain blood calcium levels
-prevents hypercalcemia by encouraging excess calcium to be deposited in bones

30
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

-produced by parathyroid glands
-helps maintain blood calcium homeostasis
-exerts the opposite effect of calcitonin; prevents hypocalcemia

31
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

-located near cranial ends of kidneys
-2 glands: adernal cortex and medulla

32
Q

Adrenal Cortex (Superficial)

A

-controlled by ACTH from anterior pituitary
produces:
1. glucocorticoids
2. mineralcorticoids
3. sex hormones

33
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

-cause hyperglycemic effect
-help maintain blood pressure
-help body resist effects of stress
ex: cortisone, cortisol

34
Q

Mineralcorticoids

A

regulate levels of electrolytes
ex: aldosterone

35
Q

Sex hormones

A

androgens and estrogens

36
Q

Adrenal Medulla (inner)

A
  • resembles nervous tissue
    -produces epinephrine and norepinephrine
37
Q

Pancreas

A

-located near abdomen near duodenum
-has both exocrine and endocrine functions

38
Q

Endocrine component of Pancreas

A

Pancreatic Islets
-alpha cells: glucagon
-beta cells: insulin
-delta cells: somatostatin

39
Q

Exocrine component of Pancreas

A

produces digestive enzymes

40
Q

Pancreatic hormones

A

insulin and glucagon

41
Q

Insulin

A

lowers blood glucose levels
-causes glucose in blood to be absorbed into body cells

42
Q

Glucagon

A

raises blood glucose levels
-stimulates liver cells to convert glycogen to glucose, glycogenesis

43
Q

Somatostatin

A

inhibits the release of pancreatic hormones

44
Q

Common disease of pancreas

A
  1. Diabetes mellitus into hyperglycemia
    -cats more like type 2, can revert
    -dogs more like type 1
  2. Pancreatitis
45
Q

Gonads

A

reproductive organs: testes and ovaries

46
Q

Testes

A

-seminiferous tubules: spermatogenesis
-interstitial cells: produce androgens (testosterone)

47
Q

Ovaries

A

-produce over and hormones
-cycles controlled by FSH and LH
-hormones produced: estrogens, progestins, relaxin

48
Q

Estrogens

A

produced by follicle cells
negative feedback loop

49
Q

Progestins

A

-group of hormones produced by corpus luteum
-principal progestin = PROGESTERONE

50
Q

Progesterone is

A

necessary for pregnancy to be maintained

51
Q

Relaxin

A

-relaxes ligaments surrounding birth canal
-mammary development
-produced by CL, placenta or uterus

52
Q

Kidneys produce

A

erythropoietin
-stimulated by hypoxia
-increases production of red blood cells
-increased O2 level slows down production

53
Q

Deficiency of erythropoietin

A

anemia often accompanies kidney disease or failure

54
Q

Stomach produces

A

gastrin
-produced in stomach wall and acts upon the stomach wall
-secretion stimulated by the presence of food

55
Q

What does gastrin do?

A

-gastric stomach glands to secrete hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes
-encourages muscular contractions of stomach wall

56
Q

Small intestine produces what hormones?

A
  1. secretin: stimulates pancreas to secrete fluids to neutralize acidic chyme
  2. cholecystokinin: stimulates pancreas to release digestive enzymes
    (in response to presence of chyme in duodenum)
    both slow down movement of chyme and stimulates gall bladder to sent bile to s.i.
57
Q

Placenta produces hormones

A

to support and maintain pregnancy
-estrogen
-progesterone
-chorionic gonadotropin
-relaxin

58
Q

Thymus

A

large organ in young animals, atrophies later in life

59
Q

Thymosin and thymopoietin

A

cause primitive cells in thymus to transform into T-lymphocytes

60
Q

Pineal Body

A

-influences body’s biological clock
-produces melatonin

61
Q

Prostoglandins
“tissue hormones”

A

hormone like substance derived from unsaturated fatty acids

62
Q
A

114: Anatomy (7 decks)

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