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Human Anatomy > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

How does the respiratory system condition inspire air?

A
  • humidify by serous and mucous secretions
  • warm by underlying blood vessels
  • filter by particles being trapped in mucous secretions
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2
Q

What is the respiratory system responsible for?

A
  • respiration
  • conditioning of inspired air
  • phonation
  • olfaction sense
  • protecting the respiratory surfaces from environmental variations and pathogenic invasion
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3
Q

What is phonation?

A

production and utterance of speech sounds

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4
Q

Where is the nasal cavity?

A

above the bone that forms the roof of the mouth and curves down at the back to join the throat

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5
Q

What does the nasal septum do?

A

divide the nasal cavity into 2 fossa (nostrils)

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6
Q

What is each nasal fossa lined with?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells

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7
Q

What are the nasal conchae responsible for?

A

filtration, heating, and humidification of air inhaled through the nose

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8
Q

What is the largest space in the nasal cavity and where does it lie?

A

the inferior nasal meatus that lies beneath the inferior nasal concha and the lateral wall

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9
Q

Where is the superior nasal meatus?

A

between the superior and middle nasal conchae

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10
Q

What is the olfactory epithelium?

A

membranous tissue located inside the nasal cavity

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11
Q

What are the roles of the nasal fossa?

A
  • decrease weight of the skull
  • improve resonance of the voice
  • temperature insulation
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12
Q

What are paranasal sinuses lined with?

A

respiratory mucosa (ciliated and secrete mucus)

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13
Q

What are paranasal sinuses innervated by?

A

the first and second branch of the trigeminal nerve (ophthalmic and maxillary)

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14
Q

What 5 cells line the respiratory tract?

A
  • pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells
  • mucous goblet cells
  • brush cells
  • basal cells
  • small granule cells
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15
Q

What are basal cells?

A

cuboidal stem cells of the airway that line the basement membrane with a large nucleus (high sensitivity to cigarette smoke)

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16
Q

What is the mucociliary escalator responsible for?

A

movement of mucus up and out of the respiratory tract

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17
Q

What is the lamina propria?

A

a thin layer of areola connective tissue that supports the epithelium

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18
Q

What does the mucosa consist of?

A

epithelium and lamina propria

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19
Q

Why are nose bleeds common from the nasal cavity?

A

the region is highly vascularised (i.e. contains lots of blood vessels)

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20
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

passage between the oral and nasal cavities and the larynx and oesophagus

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21
Q

What does the pharynx do?

A

separate the air and food pathways

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22
Q

What is the nasopharynx?

A

the most superior part of the pharynx bounded superiorly by the skull base and inferiorly by the soft palate

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23
Q

What does the nasopharynx connect the pharynx to?

A

the oropharynx

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24
Q

What is rhinitis?

A

excessive secretion from goblet cells and the narrowing of nasal cavities

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25
Q

What is sinusitis?

A

inflammation of the tissue lining the sinuses which can cause swelling which can lead to blockage of draining of orifices

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26
Q

What is obstructive sleep apnoea?

A

the obstruction of the airway due to over-relaxed muscle tone of the pharyngeal muscle caused by enlarged tongue, tonsils or obesity

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27
Q

What is possible treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea?

A

breathing, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or surgery

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28
Q

What does the larynx link?

A

the pharynx to the trachea

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29
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage support of the larynx?

A
  • thyroid (largest)
  • cricoid
  • epiglottis
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30
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

a flap made of elastic cartilage that covers the trachea during swallowing so that food does not enter the lungs

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31
Q

What is the glottis?

A

the region within the voice box that contains the vocal cords responsible for phonation and sound

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32
Q

What does the thyroid cartilage do?

A

protect the vocal cords together with the cricoid cartilage

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33
Q

What is the vestibular fold (false vocal cord)?

A

a fold of mucous membrane that encloses the vestibular ligament, not involved in sound production

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34
Q

What are true vocal cords (cricothyroid ligaments) responsible for?

A

sound production since they contain more elastic fibres

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35
Q

What is stridulating?

A

sound production by vibration or rubbing

36
Q

Why do children have higher pitched voices?

A

their vocal cords are smaller and tighter

37
Q

Where is the trachea and what does it link?

A

anterior to the oesophagus and links the larynx to the bronchus

38
Q

What is the trachea wall strengthened by?

A

C-shape/tracheal cartilage

39
Q

Why is tracheal cartilage C-shaped?

A

the oesophagus must expand to swallow

40
Q

What is the trachealis muscle?

A

a sheet of smooth muscle that lines the back wall of the trachea

41
Q

What does the trachea bifurcate into?

A

the left and right primary bronchi entering the lung at the hilum

42
Q

How many lobar bronchi are in each lung?

A

3 in the right and 2 in the left

43
Q

What do segmental bronchi supply?

A

bronchopulmonary segments, along which veins and lymphatic vessels drain

44
Q

What happens further down the bronchial branches?

A

C-shape cartilage starts to form cartilage plates and smooth muscle increases

45
Q

What is the order of the respiratory tract from nose to alveoli?

A
  1. nasal cavity
  2. pharynx
  3. larynx
  4. trachea
  5. primary bronchi
  6. lobar (secondary) bronchi
  7. segmental bronchi
  8. bronchioles
  9. terminal bronchioles
  10. alveoli
46
Q

What does sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation do to the bronchioles?

A
  • sympathetic - bronchodilation
  • parasympathetic - bronchoconstriction
47
Q

What are alveoli?

A

tiny air sacs at the end of bronchioles where gaseous exchange takes place

48
Q

What are alveoli surrounded by?

A

capillaries

49
Q

What do type 1 and type 2 pneumocytes do respectively?

A
  • type 1 - line alveolar surface
  • type 2 - secrete surfactant proteins to reduce surface tension and prevent lung collapse
50
Q

Why does the blood-air barrier exist in the gas exchange region of the lungs?

A

to prevent air bubbles from forming in the blood and blood from entering the alveoli

51
Q

What are the 3 layers of the blood-air barrier?

A
  • capillary endothelium
  • alveolar epithelium
  • ECM
52
Q

What is the pleura?

A

a thin layer of tissue that covers the lungs and lines the interior wall of the chest cavity

53
Q

How does the pleura protect the lungs?

A

by secreting a small amount of fluid that acts as a lubricant, allowing the lungs to move smoothly in the chest cavity while breathing (prevents friction)

54
Q

What are the 2 layers of the pleura?

A
  • parietal (outer) pleura - attaches to thoracic wall
  • visceral (inner) pleura - covers the lungs, blood vessels, nerves and bronchi
55
Q

What is the hilum?

A

the region where various structures forming the lung root pass to enter and exit the lung

56
Q

What is pneumothorax?

A

a collapsed lung due to the presence of air in the pleural cavity

57
Q

What is hydrothorax?

A

pleural effusion i.e. fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity

58
Q

What is haemothorax?

A

the presence of blood in the pleural cavity

59
Q

Where is the apex of the lung?

A

above the 1st rib covered by the cervical pleura

60
Q

What is the base of the lung?

A

the concave inferior surface resting on the diaphragm

61
Q

What are the 3 lung surfaces?

A

costal, mediastinal, and diaphragmatic

62
Q

What is the cardiac notch of the left lung?

A

where the apex of the heart rests (specifically the left cardiac ventricle)

63
Q

What are the 2 fissures of the right lung?

A

oblique and horizontal

64
Q

What do macrophages in the respiratory tract do?

A

clear away dust particles

65
Q

What is asthma?

A

a medical condition that affects the ability to breathe and causes parasympathetic hyperactivity (bronchoconstriction)

66
Q

What are common symptoms of asthma?

A
  • wheezing
  • shortness of breath due to inflammation, swelling and narrowing of the airway lining as well as increased mucus production
  • coughing
  • chest tightness due to muscle contraction
67
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

an infection of the lung that causes fluid/pus buildup in the alveoli which prevents effective gaseous exchange

68
Q

What are treatments of pneumonia?

A

antivirals, antibiotics or oxygen therapy

69
Q

What is COPD caused by?

A
  • constant irritation of the respiratory tract (smoking or pollution)
  • occupational exposure
  • frequent respiratory infections
  • rare genetic disorder that causes alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
70
Q

What are the 3 steps of pulmonary circulation?

A
  1. deoxygenated blood shoots down from the right atrium to the right ventricle
  2. the heart pumps it out of the right ventricle and into the pulmonary arteries to begin pulmonary circulation
  3. the blood moves to the lungs, exchanges carbon dioxide for oxygen, and returns to the left atrium
71
Q

Which main blood vessels supply the respiratory system?

A

bronchial arteries and veins

72
Q

What is the aortic arch?

A

the curved part of the aorta that gives rise to major arteries that supply the head, neck, and upper limbs

73
Q

What is a pulmonary embolism?

A

the blockage of blood supply to the lung usually due to a blood clot dislodging from another region

74
Q

What are complications of a pulmonary embolism?

A

pulmonary hypertension and an enlarged heart

75
Q

What does lymphatic drainage do?

A

drain fluid from tissues and return it to the vascular circulatory system

76
Q

Where do the lymphatics of the lung drain?

A

tracheobronchial nodes (lymph nodes) along the bronchi and pulmonary vessel through the hilum and into the posterior mediastinum

77
Q

Where are parasternal nodes found?

A

in the thoracic wall, mammary glands and abdominal area to drain the inner breast quadrants

78
Q

How many ribs are there and what do they do?

A

12 to protect the heart and lungs and prevent overexpansion during respiration

79
Q

What does the thoracic bony cage consist of?

A

ribs, sternum, and thoracic spine

80
Q

Where are costochondral junctions?

A

between the distal part of the ribs and the costal cartilages

81
Q

What are costal cartilages?

A

bars of hyaline cartilage that connect the ribs to the sternum

82
Q

What are the true ribs?

A

T1-7 that are attached directly to the sternum by costal cartilages

83
Q

What are the false ribs?

A

T8-10 that do not directly connect to the sternum and instead are attached to the rib above them by cartilage

84
Q

What are the floating ribs?

A

T11-12 whose costal cartilages do not attach them to any other bone or costal cartilage

85
Q

What are the primary respiratory muscles?

A

diaphragm and external intercostal required for respiration at rest

86
Q

What are the 4 accessory respiratory muscles?

A
  • sternocleidomastoid
  • pectoralis major and minor
  • serratus anterior and posterior superior
  • latissimus dorsi
87
Q

What are the accessory respiratory muscles required for?

A

changing the depth and frequency of breathing

Human Anatomy (6 decks)

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