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Human Anatomy > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What does red bone marrow do?

A

form blood cells

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2
Q

What is blood?

A

a specialised fluid connective tissue

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3
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A
  • gaseous exchange
  • transport of nutrients, hormones, antibodies, water and metabolic wastes
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4
Q

What are the 3 components of blood?

A
  • plasma (55%)
  • buffy coat (1%)
  • RBCs (45%)
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5
Q

What are the 4 components of plasma?

A
  • water
  • proteins
  • electrolytes
  • dissolved gases
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6
Q

What are the 2 components of the buffy coat?

A
  • platelets
  • WBCs
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7
Q

What are RBCs also known as?

A

erythrocytes

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8
Q

What is the main function of RBCs?

A

gaseous exchange

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9
Q

What does the biconcave shape of RBCs facilitate?

A

gaseous exchange and allows more haemoglobin closer to the plasma membrane

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10
Q

What does haemoglobin consist of?

A

4 polypeptide chains complexed with iron-containing haeme groups

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11
Q

What are the 6 stages of the RBC lifecycle?

A
  1. erythropoiesis starts in the bone marrow
  2. erythrocytes are released into vesicles and circulate for 120 days
  3. spleen (and liver) macrophages break down old erythrocytes intro bilirubin, iron and amino acids
  4. liver processes bilirubin into bile
  5. small intestine excretes bile in faeces
  6. kidney excretes bile in urine and releases erythroprotien (EPO) to stimulate erythropoiesis
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12
Q

Which ABO blood group has no antibodies present in the plasma?

A

AB

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13
Q

How can the blood group be determined using clumping?

A
  • if clumping occurs with anti-A, the blood type is A
  • if clumping occurs with anti-B, the blood type is B
  • if clumping occurs with both, the blood type is AB
  • if no clumping occurs with either the blood type is O
  • if clumping occurs with anti-Rh, the blood is Rh positive; if not, it’s Rh negative
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14
Q

What is Rh factor?

A

a protein found on the surface of RBCs

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15
Q

What are WBCs also known as?

A

leukocytes

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16
Q

What are the 2 groups of WBCs?

A
  • granulocytes
  • agranulocytes
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17
Q

What are the 3 types of granulocyte and what % of WBCs do they make up?

A
  • neutrophil (40-75%)
  • eosinophil (1-6%)
  • basophil (1%)
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18
Q

Describe the nucleus of the 3 types of granulocyte

A
  • neutrophil - highly lobulated
  • eosinophil - bilobed
  • basophil - bilobed
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19
Q

What are neutrophils involved in?

A

the acute inflammatory response to tissue; they kill bacteria, fungi and foreign debris

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20
Q

What are signs of acute inflammation?

A

heat, redness, swelling, pain and loss of function

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21
Q

What do the granules of eosinophils contain?

A

peroxidase, histaminase, arylsulfatase and other hydrolytic enzymes

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22
Q

How do eosinophils provide defence against parasites?

A

by engaging in the phagocytosis of antigen-antibody complexes

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23
Q

What do the granules of basophils contain?

A

hydrolytic enzymes, histamine, heparin sulphate and slow-reacting substance (SRS) of anaphylaxis

24
Q

What do SRS and histamine do?

A

cause small blood vessel dilation associated with allergic and inflammatory reactions

25
Q

What is the action of histamine in endothelial cells?

A

binds to H1 receptors which produce nitric oxide (potent vasodilator) within the cells

26
Q

What is the action of histamine in smooth muscle cells?

A

nitric oxide diffuses in and causes relaxation

27
Q

What does histamine do to blood vessels?

A

increase the permeability of the blood vessel walls, allowing more immune cells and other factors to pass through to the site of injury or infection

28
Q

What are the 2 types of agranulocytes and what is their size?

A
  • lymphocytes (largest WBC)
  • monocytes (smallest WBC)
29
Q

Describe the lymphocyte nucleus

A

round and densely stained with a small amount of pale non-granular cytoplasm

30
Q

Where are most lymphocytes present?

A

both the blood and lymph

31
Q

What are the 3 functional types of lymphocyte and what are their lifespans?

A
  • T-lymphocytes (long)
  • B-lymphocytes (variable)
  • natural killer cells (short)
32
Q

What are T-lymphocytes involved in?

A

cell-mediated immunity

33
Q

What are the 3 types of T-lymphocytes and what are their functions?

A
  • cytotoxic T-lymphocytes – recognise and kill the cells with foreign antibodies
  • helper T-lymhocytes – release factor to activate B-lymphocytes, CTLs and macrophages to participate in immune reaction
  • suppressor T cells – suppress the activity of B-lymphocytes and the immune response
34
Q

What do B-lymphocytes do?

A

contribute to humoral immunity by differentiating into plasma cells and producing circulating antibodies

35
Q

What do natural killer cells do?

A

attack cancer cells, foreign cells and virus-infected cells (innate immunity)

36
Q

What is the shape of a monocyte nucleus?

A

horseshoe

37
Q

What do monocytes do?

A

play a chief role in phagocytosis during infections by entering tissues and differentiating to form macrophages which contribute to both homeostasis and disease

38
Q

Describe innate immunity (specificity, line of defence, response time, memory and components)

A
  • non-specific
  • first
  • short
  • no memory
  • skin, mucous membranes, epithelial cells, phagocytes
39
Q

Describe adaptive immunity (specificity, line of defence, response time, memory and components)

A
  • specific
  • second
  • longer than innate
  • memory via memory cells
  • T- and B-lymphocytes
40
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

immunity developed upon exposure to a specific pathogen that includes humoral and cell-mediated immunity

41
Q

What are platelets?

A

small, non-nucleated cells that are round/oval biconvex

42
Q

What are megakaryocytes?

A

large cells with a lobulated nucleus found in bone marrow

43
Q

How are megakaryocytes formed?

A

using endomitosis (mitosis without cytokinesis)

44
Q

How are platelets formed?

A

from the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes (thrombocytosis)

45
Q

What is the major role of platelets?

A

blood clotting

46
Q

What are the 3 steps of blood clotting?

A
  1. platelets adhere to the site of injury by binding with collagen fibres
  2. activated platelets attract more platelets to the site of the clot
  3. thrombin induces the formation of fibrin which stabilises the blood clot
47
Q

What is plasma?

A

an aqueous solution of inorganic salts

48
Q

What are the main plasma proteins and what are their functions?

A
  • albumins – bulk of plasma proteins; transport protein for fatty acids
  • globulins – antibodies of the immune system; transport protein for lipids and heavy metal ions
  • fibrinogen – soluble protein that polymerises to form insoluble fibrin during blood clotting
49
Q

What do plasma lipoproteins do?

A

deliver insoluble lipids from the tissues where they are synthesised to those that utilise, degrade or store them

50
Q

What are the 2 type of lipoproteins that carry cholesterol?

A
  • high density lipoprotein - carries good cholesterol back to liver
  • low density lipoprotein - carries bad cholesterol to tissues for excretion
51
Q

What is haematopoiesis?

A

formation of blood cellular components from haematopoietic stem cells by the red bone marrow

52
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

formation of RBCs

53
Q

What is thrombocytopoiesis?

A

formation of platelets

54
Q

What is granulocytopoiesis?

A

formation of granulocytes

55
Q

What is monocytopoiesis?

A

formation of monocytes

56
Q

What is lymphocytopoiesis?

A

formation of lymphocytes

Human Anatomy (12 decks)

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