Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Anatomy > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What does red bone marrow do?

A

form blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is blood?

A

a specialised fluid connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A
  • gaseous exchange
  • transport of nutrients, hormones, antibodies, water and metabolic wastes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 3 components of blood?

A
  • plasma (55%)
  • buffy coat (1%)
  • RBCs (45%)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 4 components of plasma?

A
  • water
  • proteins
  • electrolytes
  • dissolved gases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 2 components of the buffy coat?

A
  • platelets
  • WBCs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are RBCs also known as?

A

erythrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the main function of RBCs?

A

gaseous exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the biconcave shape of RBCs facilitate?

A

gaseous exchange and allows more haemoglobin is closer to the plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does haemoglobin consist of?

A

4 polypeptide chains complexed with iron-containing haeme groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 6 stages of the RBC lifecycle?

A
  1. erythropoiesis starts in the bone marrow
  2. erythrocytes are released into vesicles and circulate for 120 days
  3. spleen (and liver) macrophages break down old erythrocytes intro bilirubin, iron and amino acids
  4. liver processes bilirubin into bile
  5. small intestine excretes bile in faeces
  6. kidney excretes bile in urine and releases erythroprotien (EPO) to stimulate erythropoiesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which ABO blood group has no antibodies present in the plasma?

A

AB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How can the blood group be determined using clumping?

A
  • if clumping occurs with anti-A, the blood type is A
  • if clumping occurs with anti-B, the blood type is B
  • if clumping occurs with both, the blood type is AB
  • if no clumping occurs with either the blood type is O
  • if clumping occurs with anti-Rh, the blood is Rh positive; if not, it’s Rh negative
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Rh factor?

A

a protein found on the surface of RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is anaemia?

A

the amount of haemoglobin is insufficient within the RBCs, or the number of RBCs is reduced (but amount of haemoglobin is normal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are causes of anaemia?

A
  • blood loss
  • insufficient iron for haemoglobin synthesis
  • vitamin deficiencies
  • genetic factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What genetic disorder causes sickle cell anaemia?

A

an autosomal recessive single point mutation in the beta-globin gene which changes the shape and function of RBCs (makes them more rigid and unable to pass through finer capillaries)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are WBCs also known as?

A

leukocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 2 groups of WBCs?

A
  • granulocytes
  • agranulocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the 3 types of granulocyte and what % of WBCs do they make up?

A
  • neutrophil (40-75%)
  • eosinophil (1-6%)
  • basophil (1%)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe the nucleus of the 3 types of granulocyte

A
  • neutrophil - highly lobulated
  • eosinophil - bilobed
  • basophil - bilobed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are neutrophils involved in?

A

the acute inflammatory response to tissue; they kill bacteria, fungi and foreign debris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are signs of acute inflammation?

A

heat, redness, swelling, pain and loss of function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do the granules of eosinophils contain?

A

peroxidase, histaminase, arylsulfatase and other hydrolytic enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How do eosinophils provide defence against parasites?

A

by engaging in the phagocytosis of antigen-antibody complexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What do the granules of basophils contain?

A

hydrolytic enzymes, histamine, heparin sulphate and slow-reacting substance (SRS) of anaphylaxis

27
Q

What do SRS and histamine do?

A

cause small blood vessel dilation associated with allergic and inflammatory reactions

28
Q

What is the action of histamine in endothelial cells?

A

binds to H1 receptors which produce nitric oxide (potent vasodilator) within the cells

29
Q

What is the action of histamine in smooth muscle cells?

A

nitric oxide diffuses in and causes relaxation

30
Q

What does histamine do to blood vessels?

A

increase the permeability of the blood vessel walls, allowing more immune cells and other factors to pass through to the site of injury or infection

31
Q

What are the 2 types of agranulocytes and what is their size?

A
  • lymphocytes (largest WBC)
  • monocytes (smallest WBC)
32
Q

Describe the lymphocyte nucleus

A

round and densely stained with a small amount of pale non-granular cytoplasm

33
Q

Where are most lymphocytes present?

A

both the blood and lymph

34
Q

What are the 3 functional types of lymphocyte and what are their lifespans?

A
  • T-lymphocytes (long)
  • B-lymphocytes (variable)
  • natural killer cells (short)
35
Q

What are T-lymphocytes involved in?

A

cell-mediated immunity

36
Q

What are the 3 types of T-lymphocytes and what are their functions?

A
  • cytotoxic T-lymphocytes – recognise and kill the cells with foreign antibodies
  • helper T-lymhocytes – release factor to activate B-lymphocytes, CTLs and macrophages to participate in immune reaction
  • suppressor T cells – suppress the activity of B-lymphocytes and the immune response
37
Q

What do B-lymphocytes do?

A

contribute to humoral immunity by differentiating into plasma cells and producing circulating antibodies

38
Q

What do natural killer cells do?

A

attack cancer cells, foreign cells and virus-infected cells (innate immunity)

39
Q

What is the shape of a monocyte nucleus?

A

horseshoe

40
Q

What do monocytes do?

A

play a chief role in phagocytosis during infections by entering tissues and differentiating to form macrophages which contribute to both homeostasis and disease

41
Q

Describe innate immunity (specificity, line of defence, response time, memory and components)

A
  • non-specific
  • first
  • short
  • no memory
  • skin, mucous membranes, epithelial cells, phagocytes
42
Q

Describe adaptive immunity (specificity, line of defence, response time, memory and components)

A
  • specific
  • second
  • longer than innate
  • memory via memory cells
  • T- and B-lymphocytes
43
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

immunity developed upon exposure to a specific pathogen that includes humoral and cell-mediated immunity

44
Q

What are platelets?

A

small, non-nucleated cells that are round/oval biconvex

45
Q

What are megakaryocytes?

A

large cells with a lobulated nucleus found in bone marrow

46
Q

How are megakaryocytes formed?

A

using endomitosis (mitosis without cytokinesis)

47
Q

How are platelets formed?

A

formed from the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes (thrombocytosis)

48
Q

What is thrombocytopenia?

A

low platelet levels in the blood

49
Q

What is the major role of platelets?

A

blood clotting

50
Q

What are the 3 steps of blood clotting?

A
  1. platelets adhere to the site of injury by binding with collagen fibres
  2. activated platelets attract more platelets to the site of the clot
  3. thrombin induces the formation of fibrin which stabilises the blood clot
51
Q

What is a thrombus and embolus respectively?

A
  • thrombus - blood clot that forms inside a vein or artery
  • embolus - thrombus that breaks loose and travels from one location in the body to another
52
Q

What is used to treat thrombosis?

A

blood thinning agents/anticoagulants such as warfarin, aspirin, clopidogrel etc.

53
Q

What is plasma?

A

an aqueous solution of inorganic salts

54
Q

What are the main plasma proteins and what are their functions?

A
  • albumins – constitute bulk of plasma proteins; transport protein for fatty acids (insoluble metabolites)
  • globulins – antibodies of the immune system; transport protein for lipids and heavy metal ions
  • fibrinogen – soluble protein that polymerises to form insoluble fibrin during blood clotting
55
Q

What are plasma lipoproteins?

A

soluble complex aggregates of lipids with specialised proteins circulating in the blood

56
Q

What do plasma lipoproteins do?

A

deliver insoluble lipids from the tissues where they are synthesised to those that utilise, degrade or store them

57
Q

What are the 2 type of lipoproteins that carry cholesterol?

A
  • high density lipoprotein - carries good cholesterol back to liver
  • low density lipoprotein - carries bad cholesterol to tissues for excretion
58
Q

What is haematopoiesis?

A

formation of blood cellular components from haematopoietic stem cells by the red bone marrow

59
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

formation of RBCs

60
Q

What is thrombocytopoiesis?

A

formation of platelets

61
Q

What is granulocytopoiesis?

A

formation of granulocytes

62
Q

What is monocytopoiesis?

A

formation of monocytes

63
Q

What is lymphocytopoiesis?

A

formation of lymphocytes

Human Anatomy (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions