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Human Anatomy > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Where do exocrine glands release their secretions?

A

onto an epithelial surface through a duct

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2
Q

What do endocrine glands do?

A

secrete hormones into blood vessels or into the surrounding tissue fluid

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3
Q

What are the 3 hormone types?

A
  • amino acid derivatives e.g. adrenaline, TH, catecholamines derived from phenyl, alanine and tyrosine
  • steroid hormones e.g. androgens and oestrogens
  • peptide hormones e.g. insulin, prolactin, ACTH, FSH, LH, GnRH
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4
Q

Where is the pituitary gland?

A

in the Sella turcica connected to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum

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5
Q

What is the anterior pituitary (pars distalis) composed of?

A

chromophobes and chromophils

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6
Q

What are the 2 types of chromophils?

A

acidophils and basophils

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7
Q

What do acidophils secrete?

A
  • somatotropes (GH)
  • lactotrophs (prolactin)
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8
Q

What do basophils secrete?

A
  • thyrotropes (TSH)
  • gonadotropes (LH, FSH)
  • corticotropes (ACTH)
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9
Q

What do chromophobes have?

A

numerous blood vessels, delicate connective tissue framework and the connective tissue capsule

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10
Q

What does the hypophyseal portal circulation do?

A

carry releasing hormones from the hypothalamus to the adenohypophysis targeting the acidophils and basophils and causing the release of hormones into the bloodstream

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11
Q

What does the posterior pituitary (pars nervosa) consist of?

A

unmyelinated axons from neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus

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12
Q

What are Herring bodies?

A

storage sites of the neurosecretory material of the pars nervosa neurons

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13
Q

What is the pars intermedia?

A

a structure that lies between the pars distalis and pars nervosa consisting mainly of colloid-filled cysts lined by cuboidal epithelium

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14
Q

What are the 2 secretions of the hypothalamus and what do they do?

A
  • TRH - acts on thyrotropes in the anterior pituitary gland and stimulates release of TSH
  • GnRH - released in a pulsatile manner and stimulates gonadotrophs of the anterior pituitary gland
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15
Q

What are the 6 hormones of the anterior pituitary gland and what do they do?

A
  • GH – stimulate the cell growth i.e. skeletal muscle cells and chondrocytes
  • prolactin – promotes milk secretion
  • TSH – stimulates TH synthesis
  • ACTH – stimulates the secretion of steroid hormones by the adrenal cortex of the adrenal gland
  • FSH – promotes ovarian follicle development and oestrogen secretion in women and spermatogenesis in men
  • LH – induces ovulation in women and androgen secretion in men
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16
Q

What are the 2 hormones of the posterior pituitary gland and what do they do?

A
  • vasopressin/ADH - maintains water balance in the body
  • oxytocin - stimulates contraction of uterine smooth muscle during childbirth and mammary glands during breast-feeding
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17
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

in the neck, in front of the larynx and trachea, below the thyroid cartilage closely associated with the major blood vessels

18
Q

What does the thyroid gland consist of?

A

2 lobes united by the isthmus

19
Q

What does each thyroid follicle consist of?

A

a single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells

20
Q

What are the 2 cell types in the thyroid follicle and what do they secrete?

A
  • follicular cells - TH
  • parafollicular cells - secrete calcitonin
21
Q

What is the bulk of T3 derived from?

A

deiodination of T4 in peripheral tissues especially in the liver and kidney

22
Q

What are the 3 main carriers of thyroid hormone in the blood?

A
  • thyroxine-binding globulin
  • transthyretin
  • albumin
23
Q

What does calcitonin do in the bone and kidney respectively?

A
  • bone - inhibits osteoclast action
  • kidney - inhibits tubular reabsorption of calcium and phosphorus
24
Q

Where is the parathyroid gland?

A

embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland separated by a fibrous capsule

25
Q

What is the parathyroid gland composed of?

A

chief cells and oxyphilic cells

26
Q

What are the 3 functions of PTH?

A
  • simulates osteoclasts to reasborb bone mineral, releasing calcium into the blood
  • stimulates tubular reabsorption of calcium in the kidney
  • enhances absorption of calcium from the small intestine
27
Q

How does PTH increase calcium absorption?

A

by stimulating production of the active form of vitamin D from the kidney

28
Q

What does vitamin D do?

A

induce synthesis of a calcium-binding protein in intestinal epithelial cells that facilitates efficient absorption of calcium into blood

29
Q

What is PTH secreted by?

A

chief cells in the parathyroid gland

30
Q

Where is the adrenal gland and what does it consist of?

A

on the superior poles of the kidneys consisting of a central medulla and outer cortex

31
Q

What are the 3 zones of the adrenal gland and what do they do?

A
  • glomerulus - secretes mineralocorticoids which maintain electrolyte and water balance
  • fasiculata - secretes glucocorticoids which accelerate the rate of glucose synthesis and glycogen formation
  • reticularis - secretes androgens
32
Q

What is cortisol?

A

the most potent glucocorticoid widely used in ointments to treat inflammatory conditions of the skin

33
Q

What does excessive and long-term use of oral steroid tablets do?

A

suppress the immune system

34
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

act on cells of the late DCT and medullary collecting duct to increase sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion

35
Q

What does excess aldosterone lead to?

A

hypernatremia, hypokalaemia and metabolic alkalosis

36
Q

What is the adrenal medulla composed of?

A

chromaffin cells (modified sympathetic ganglion cells) and blood vessels

37
Q

What do chromaffin cells secrete?

A

adrenaline and noradrenaline

38
Q

Where is the pancreas?

A

between the duodenum, spleen and stomach

39
Q

What is the endocrine and exocrine pancreas made up of respectively?

A
  • exocrine - acinar and duct tissue
  • endocrine - islets of Langerhans
40
Q

What are the 4 types of secretory cells in pancreatic islets?

A
  • alpha cells - secrete glucagon
  • beta cells - secrete insulin
  • delta cells - secrete somatostatin
  • F cells (rare) - secrete pancreatic polypeptide

Human Anatomy (12 decks)

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