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CAPS 391 Final > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What do the respiratory and cardiovascular systems cooperate to do?

What does the respiratory system do?

What does the cardiovascular system do?

A

supply O2 and eliminate CO2

respiratory system provides for gas exchange

cardiovascular system distributes respiratory gases

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2
Q

What does the respiratory system consist of? (7)

A
  • nose
  • paranasal sinuses
  • pharynx (throat)
  • larynx (voice box)
  • trachea (windpipe)
  • bronchi
  • lungs
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3
Q

What are the 2 parts of the respiratory system from a structural POV?

A

upper respiratory system

lower respiratory system

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4
Q

What does the upper respiratory system consist of? (3)

A
  • nose (external nose and nasal cavity)
  • paranasal sinuses
  • pharynx
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5
Q

What does the lower respiratory system consist of? (4)

A
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • lungs
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6
Q

What are the 2 parts of the respiratory system from a functional POV?

A

conducting zone

respiratory zone

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7
Q

What is the conducting zone?

What is its function?

A

series of passageways whose function is to filter, regulate temperature, and moisten air and conduct it into lungs

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8
Q

What are the passageways of the conducting zone? (8)

A
  • nose (external nose and nasal cavity)
  • paranasal sinuses
  • pharynx
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • terminal bronchioles
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9
Q

What is the respiratory zone?

What is its function?

A

passageways and tissues within lungs where gas exchange between air and blood occurs

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10
Q

What are the passageways of the respiratory zone? (4)

A
  • respiratory bronchioles
  • alveolar ducts
  • alveolar sacs
  • alveoli
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11
Q

Nose

What is the nose?

A

uppermost part of respiratory system that is subdivided into external nose and nasal cavities

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12
Q

Nose

What is the external nose?

A

anterior extension of nasal cavities formed by bones and cartilages covered by skeletal muscles and skin

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13
Q

Nose

What is the bony framework of the external nose?

A

formed by nasal, frontal, and maxillary bones

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14
Q

Nose

What is the cartilaginous framework of the external nose?

A

formed by septal and alar cartilages

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15
Q

Nose

What are nostrils (external nares)?

A

openings of external nose to exterior

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16
Q

Nose

How do the nostrils (external nares) diameter change?

A

by contraction of the covering muscles

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17
Q

Nose

What are nasal cavities?
What are they separated by?

A

two osseo-cartilagenous spaces separated by nasal septum

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18
Q

Nose - Nasal Cavities

Where do the nasal cavities start?

Where do they join to?

A

start at vestibule

joint to nasopharynx via choanae (internal nares)

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19
Q

Nose - Nasal Cavities

What is the vestibule?

A

area immediately above nostrils lined with skin

carries short coarse hairs

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20
Q

Nose - Nasal Cavities

What are the 4 boundaries of each nasal cavity?

A

roof
floor
lateral wall
medial wall

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21
Q

Nose - Nasal Cavities

What is the roof formed by?

What does the roof carry?

A

ethmoid bone

carries numerous openings for olfactory nerves

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22
Q

Nose - Nasal Cavities

What is the floor formed by?

A

maxillary and palatine bones that separates nasal cavity from oral cavity

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23
Q

Nose - Nasal Cavities

What is the lateral wall formed by?

A

maxillary, palatine, ethmoid, lacrimal bones, and inferior nasal concha

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24
Q

Nose - Nasal Cavities

What 3 curved bony shelves does the lateral wall caarry?

A

superior nasal conchae
middle nasal conchae
inferior nasal conchae

(all project inferiorly)

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25
Q

Nose - Nasal Cavities

What do the nasal conchae subdivide the lateral wall into?

A

3 groove-like passageways (superior, middle, and inferior meatuses) that receive paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal duct

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26
Q

Nose - Nasal Cavities

What does the nasolacrimal duct do?

A

connects orbital cavity to nasal cavity, and carries tears

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27
Q

Nose - Nasal Cavities

What is the medial wall formed by?

A

(smooth)

nasal septum (main components include ethmoid and vomer bones) and septal cartilage

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28
Q

Paranasal Sinuses

What are paranasal sinuses?

A

several air-filled spaces contained within frontal, maxilla, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones

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29
Q

Paranasal Sinuses

What are the paranasal sinuses lined by?

A

respiratory mucus membrane

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30
Q

Paranasal Sinuses

Where are paranasal sinuses open?

A

on lateral wall of nasal cavities

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31
Q

Paranasal Sinuses

What are the functions of paranasal sinuses? (3)

A
  • lighten the skull
  • resonate the voice
  • enhance efficiency of respiratory mucus membrane in filtration, humidification, and thermoregulation of inhaled air
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32
Q

What are the 2 nerves that supply nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses?

A 
CN I (olfactory nerve)
CN V2 (trigeminal nerve, maxillary division)
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33
Q

What artery supplies the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses?

A

branches of maxillary branch of external carotid artery

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34
Q

What does CN I (olfactory nerve) do?

A

starts from olfactory receptor neurons at roof of nasal cavity, and transmits special sense of smell

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35
Q

What does CN V2 (trigeminal nerve, maxillary branch) do?

A

conveys general sensation of mucus membrane of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses

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36
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

12-15 cm muscular tube that acts as conduit for air (between nasal cavities and larynx) and food (between oral cavity and esophagus)

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37
Q

What systems is the pharynx part of?

A

respiratory

digestive

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38
Q

Where does the pharynx start and end?

A

start: base of skull
end: esophagus at level of vertebra CVI

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39
Q

What is the pharynx related to posteriorly?

A

cervical vertebrae

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40
Q

What does the pharynx receive anteriorly? (3)

A

nasal cavities
oral cavity
larynx

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41
Q

What is the pharynx subdivided into? (3)

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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42
Q

Pharynx - Nasopharynx

Where is the nasopharynx?

A

behind nasal cavities and above soft palate

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43
Q

Pharynx - Nasopharynx

What is the pharyngeal tonsil?

A

aggregation of lymphoid tissue on roof of nasopharynx

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44
Q

Pharynx - Nasopharynx

Where is the auditory (Eustachian) tube?

What does it do?

A

open on lateral wall of pharyngeal tonsil

connect it to middle ears to equalize air pressure between middle ears and pharynx

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45
Q

Pharynx - Nasopharynx

What is the mucosal membrane of the nasopharynx innervated by?

A

CN V2

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46
Q

Pharynx - Oropharynx

Where is the oropharynx?

A

behind oral cavity and extends from soft palate to superior border of epiglottis

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47
Q

Pharynx - Oropharynx

Where are the palatine tonsils?

A

on lateral walls between palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal folds

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48
Q

Pharynx - Oropharynx

What is the mucosal membrane of the oropharynx innervated by?

A

CN IX

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49
Q

Pharynx - Laryngopharynx

Where is the laryngopharynx?

A

behind larynx, and extends from epiglottis to beginning of oesophagus

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50
Q

Pharynx - Laryngopharynx

What is the mucosal membrane of the laryngopharynx innervated by?

A

CN X

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51
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the pharynx innervated by?

A

CN X

52
Q

What is the pharynx supplied by?

A

branches of external carotid arteries

53
Q

Where is the larynx?

A

in front of vertebrae CIV-CVI

54
Q

What is the larynx open to?

A

laryngopharynx superiorly

trachea inferiorly

55
Q

What is the larynx?

A

organ of phonation

56
Q

Larynx - Cartilaginous Skeleton

How many cartilages are there?

What are they connected by?

A

9 cartilages

connected by intrinsic laryngeal muscles, membranes, and ligaments

57
Q

Larynx - Cartilaginous Skeleton

How are the cartilages grouped?

A

unpaired (thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottis)

paired (arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform)

58
Q

Larynx - Unpaired Cartilages

What is thyroid cartilage?

What is it formed by?

A

largest laryngeal cartilage

formed by 2 laminae that are fused anteriorly to form laryngeal eminence (Adam’s apple) in front of neck, but widely open posteriorly

59
Q

Larynx - Unpaired Cartilages, Thyroid

What forms the superior horn and inferior horn?

A

superior horn: posterior border of each lamina projects superiorly

inferior horn: posterior border of each lamina projects inferiorly

60
Q

Larynx - Unpaired Cartilages, Thyroid

What do superior horns and inferior horns each join to?

A

superior horns join to hyoid bone by ligament

inferior horns articulate with cricoid cartilage

61
Q

Larynx - Unpaired Cartilages, Thyroid

What does the thyrohyoid membrane connect?

A

connects superior border of thyroid cartilage to hyoid bone

62
Q

Larynx - Unpaired Cartilages, Thyroid

What does the cricothyroid membrane join?

A

joins its inferior border to cricoid cartilage

63
Q

Larynx - Unpaired Cartilages

What is cricoid cartilage?

A

most inferior cartilage of the larynx that resembles a signet ring with its lamina (wide plate) facing posteriorly

64
Q

Larynx - Unpaired Cartilages, Cricoid

What do lamina of cricoid cartilage articulate with?

A

arytenoid cartilages superiorly

65
Q

Larynx - Unpaired Cartilages

What does the inferior border of cricoid cartilage connect to?

A

first cartilage ring of trachea by cricotracheal ligament (fibrous membrane)

66
Q

Larynx - Unpaired Cartilages

What is the epiglottis?

A

leaflet-shaped cartilage

  • handle is attached to interior side of laryngeal eminence
  • wide part is located behind tongue
67
Q

Larynx - Unpaired Cartilages

What is the function of the epiglottis?

A

acts as lid to close entrance of larynx during swallowing

68
Q

Larynx - Paired Cartilages

What is the arytenoid cartilage?

A

2 pyramidal cartilages

69
Q

Larynx - Paired Cartilages

What do the bases of arytenoid cartilages articulate with?

A

cricoid cartilage inferiorly

70
Q

Larynx - Paired Cartilages

What are the 2 processes at the base of each arytenoid cartilage?

What is their function?

A

vocal process: serves as attachment site for vocal ligament

muscular process: point of attachment for some intrinsic muscles of the larynx

71
Q

Larynx - Paired Cartilages

What are the corniculate and cuneiform cartilages?

A

2 small cartilages on each side contained within aryepiglottic fold that extends between arytenoid cartilage and epiglottis

72
Q

Larynx - Interior

What are the 2 ligaments stretched between thyroid and arytenoid cartilages, on either side of the midline?

A

vestibular ligaments

vocal ligaments

73
Q

Larynx - Interior

Where are the vestibular ligaments?

Where are the vocal ligaments?

A

vestibular: located superiorly
vocal: located inferiorly

74
Q

Larynx - Interior

Do vestibular ligaments vibrate during phonation?

Do vocal ligaments vibrate during phonation?

A

vestibular: do not vibrate
vocal: vibrate

75
Q

Larynx - Interior

What are vestibular ligaments covered by?

What are vocal ligaments covered by?

A

vestibular: mucus membrane of larynx to form vestibular (false vocal) folds
vocal: mucus membrane of larynx to form vocal (true vocal) folds

76
Q

Larynx - Interior

What is the larynx subdivided into, and by what?

A

3 regions, by vestibular and vocal folds

  • vestibule: area superior to vestibular folds
  • infraglottic space: area inferior to vocal folds
  • ventricle: middle region located between vestibular and vocal folds on each side
77
Q

Larynx - Interior

What is the glottis?

A

vocal folds + rima glottidis (fissure between right and left vocal folds)

78
Q

What is the trachea?

A

fibro-cartilaginous tube with 2.5 cm diameter, and 12 cm length

79
Q

Where does the trachea start and end?

A

start:lower margin of cricoid cartilage at level of vertebra CVI

passes superior mediastinum

end: level of sternal angle and TIV-TV intervertebral disc, by dividing into left and right primary (main) bronchi
- at this point, carina (internal ridge) is formed by posterior and inferior projection of the last tracheal cartilage

80
Q

Trachea

What is the carina?

A

internal ridge formed by posterior and inferior projection of the last tracheal cartilage

81
Q

What is the trachea composed of?

A

~20 incomplete C-shaped cartilage rings

  • open part of rings faces posteriorly towards esophagus, and is spanned by fibromuscular membrane
82
Q

Trachea

Compare the right vs. left primary bronchus.

A

right primary bronchus is shorter, wider, and more vertically positioned compared to left primary bronchus

83
Q

Trachea

What structures is the trachea related to?

A

esophagus posteriorly

thyroid gland and manubrium of sternum anteriorly

84
Q

What supplies blood for the trachea?

A

subclavian arteries

85
Q

What is the trachea innervated by? (2)

A

cervical sympathetic chains (trunks)

vagus nerves

86
Q

Where are the lungs?

What are they separated by?

A

located on either side of mediastinum

separated by heart and its large vessels and posterior mediastinal structures

87
Q

What is the lung?

A

half-cone shaped organ suspended within pleural cavity by its root attaching to mediastinum

88
Q

What is the apex of the lung? Where is it?

A

round, extends above level of first rib into root of neck

89
Q

What are the 3 surfaces of the lung?

A
  • inferior (diaphragmatic) surface or base
  • lateral (costal) surface
  • medial (mediastinal) surface
90
Q

What are the 3 borders of the lung?

A
  • anterior border
  • posterior border
  • inferior border
91
Q

Lung

What is the inferior (diaphragmatic) surface or base?

A

concave

sits on diaphragm

92
Q

Lung

What is the lateral (costal) surface?

A

convex

related to ribs, intercostal muscles and sternum

93
Q

Lung

What is the medial (mediastinal) surface?

A

concave

related to middle and posterior mediastinal structures

94
Q

Lung

What does the medial (mediastinal) surface carry?

A

hilum

through which primary bronchi, pulmonary vessels, bronchial vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerve enter or leave the lung to form root of lung

95
Q

Lung

How many pulmonary arteries are there? What do they do?

A

1

carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lung

96
Q

Lung

How many pulmonary veins are there? What do they do?

A

2

convey oxygenated blood from lung to left atrium

97
Q

Lung

What does the anterior border carry?

A

(sharp border)

on left lung carries cardiac notch

98
Q

Lung

What is the lingula of the anterior border?

A

part of left lung below cardiac notch

99
Q

Lung

What does the anterior border separate?

A

medial surface from lateral surface on anterior side

100
Q

Lung

What is the posterior border?

A

round

related to thoracic region of vertebral column

101
Q

Lung

What does the posterior border separate?

A

medial surface from lateral surface on posterior side

102
Q

Lung

What does the inferior border separate?

A

(sharp border)

medial and lateral surfaces from inferior surface

103
Q

Lung

What does the inferior border cross?

A
  • ribs 6 on anterior aspect of thorax
  • ribs 8 on lateral aspect of thorax
  • ribs 10 on posterior aspect of thorax
104
Q

Lung

Compare the right and left lungs.

A
  • right lung is slightly larger and heavier than left lung because middle mediastinum and its contents bulge more towards left side
  • right lung is wider and shorter than left lung due to presence of liver under right dome of diaphragm
105
Q

Lung

What is the right lung divided into?

A

3 lobes (superior, middle, and inferior) by oblique and horizontal fissure

106
Q

Lung

What is the left lung divided into?

A

2 lobes (superior and inferior) by oblique fissure

107
Q

Lung

What is the lingula of the left lung equivalent to in the right lung?

A

middle lobe

108
Q

Lung

What is each lobe of the lung subdivided into?

A

bronchopulmonary segment – there are 10 segments in each lung

109
Q

Lung

What happens to primary bronchi after passing through the hilum?

A

primary bronchi divide into secondary (lobar), then tertiary (segmental) bronchi

tertiary bronchi continue to divide and produce several generations of divisions including bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, and respiratory bronchioles

110
Q

Lung

What are bronchioles?

A

smallest airways that do not carry any cartilage in their wall

111
Q

Lung

What is the bronchial tree?

A

entire divisions of primary bronchi

112
Q

Lung

What is lung tissue innervated by?

A

afferent and efferent branches of pulmonary plexus located at bifurcation of trachea

113
Q

Lung

What is lung tissue formed by?

A

vagus nerves and sympathetic nerves arising from lateral horns of T1-T4 segments

114
Q

Lung

What do vagus nerves do?

A

constrict bronchioles

115
Q

Lung

What do sympathetic nerves do?

A

dilate bronchioles

116
Q

Lung

What do bronchial arteries arise from?

Where do they pass?
What do they do?

A

thoracic aorta

pass through hilum

supply oxygen and nutrients to lung tissue

117
Q

Pleura

What is each lung surrounded by?

A

pleural sac composed of 2 serous layers – inner visceral layer, and outer parietal layer

118
Q

Pleura

What is the pleural cavity?

What does it contain?

A

space between visceral and parietal layers of pleura

contains few mL of serous fluid that lubricates surfaces of lungs to facilitate their movements

119
Q

Pleura

Where is the visceral pleura?

A

intimately attaches to surfaces of lungs and extends into their fissures

120
Q

Pleura

How does the visceral pleura continue as the parietal pleura?

A

reflects on itself at hilum to continue as parietal pleura to line inner surface of thoracic wall and extends over diaphragm and mediastinum

121
Q

Pleura

What is the visceral pleura innervated by?

A

same sympathetic nerve fibers (T1-T4) that supply pulmonary tissue

122
Q

Pleura

What does the parietal pleura consist of?

A

costal, diaphragmatic, and mediastinal parts

123
Q

Pleura

What happens at the site of reflection between parts of the parietal pleura?

A

pleural recesses (gutter-like spaces) are formed that are not occupied by lungs during expiration

124
Q

Pleura - Parietal Pleura

What is the costodiaphragmatic recess?

A

largest recess, surrounds convexity of diaphragm inside thoracic wall

lowest point of pleural cavity that crosses ribs 6 (anterior), 10 (lateral), and 12 (posterior)

125
Q

Pleura

Where is the costodiaphragmatic recess formed?

A

between costal and diaphragmatic parts of parietal pleura

126
Q

Pleura

What is the parietal pleura innervated by?

A

somatic nerves that supply walls of thoracic cavity (phrenic and upper intercostal nerves)

CAPS 391 Final (17 decks)

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