Muscular System - Lower Limb Flashcards
What is medial epicondylitis (golf elbow)?
forceful and repeated bending of the wrist and fingers that cause tiny ruptures of common flexor tendon
golfing is only one of the causes of pain at this bone
in the golf swing, flexor muscles and tendons must tighten to hit the ball
similar tasks that require repeated bending of the wrist, gripping, grasping, and turning the hand
small tears in muscle begin to heal but when re-injured by continued use, become painful
What are symptoms of medial epicondylitis?
symptoms include tenderness and pain at medial epicondyle, made worse by flexing the wrist
What is lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow)?
common extensor tendon becomes painful and tender,
usually as a result of a specific strain, overuse, or a direct bang
sometimes no specific cause is found
What are symptoms of lateral epicondylitis?
tenderness and pain of outer part of lateral
epicondyle
Muscles of Gluteal Region
What are the 2 groups?
superficial group: mainly extensor and abductor of hip joint
deep group: mainly lateral rotator of hip joint
Muscles of Gluteal Region
What are the muscles innervated by?
branches of sacral plexus
Muscles of Superficial Group of Gluteal Region
What are the 4 muscles of this group?
gluteus maximus
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus
tensor fascia lata
Muscles of Superficial Group of Gluteal Region
Gluteus Maximus
- origin
- insertion
- main action(s)
- nerve
O: sacroiliac crest - ilium, posterior to posterior gluteal line, posterior surface of sacrum and sacrotuberous ligament
I: gluteal tuberosity and iliotibial tract
MA: extension of hip joint
N: inferior gluteal nerve
Muscles of Superficial Group of Gluteal Region
What is the iliotibial tract?
What does it attach to?
thickening of deep fascia of thigh (fascia lata) on lateral side – attaches to lateral tibial condyle
Muscles of Superficial Group of Gluteal Region
Gluteus Medius
- origin
- insertion
- main action(s)
- nerve
O: external surface of ilium between anterior and posterior gluteal lines
I: lateral surface of greater trochanter of femur
MA: abduction of hip joint
N: superior gluteal nerve
Muscles of Superficial Group of Gluteal Region
Gluteus Minimus
- origin
- insertion
- main action(s)
- nerve
O: external surface of ilium between anterior and inferior gluteal lines
I: anterior surface of greater trochanter of femur
MA: abduction of hip joint
N: superior gluteal nerve
Muscles of Superficial Group of Gluteal Region
Tensor Fascia Lata
- origin
- insertion
- main action(s)
- nerve
O: anterior part of iliac crest and ASIS
I: iliotibial tract
MA:
- flexion of hip joint
- medial rotation of hip joint
- abduction of hip joint
N: superior gluteal nerve
Muscles of Deep Group of Gluteal Region
What are the 5 muscles of this group?
piriformis superior gemellus obturator internus inferior gemellus quadratus femoris
Muscles of Deep Group of Gluteal Region
Piriformis
- main action(s)
- nerve
MA: lateral rotation of hip joint
N: anterior rami of S1 and S2 (sacral plexus)
Muscles of Deep Group of Gluteal Region
Superior Gemellus
- main action(s)
- nerve
MA: lateral rotation of hip joint
N: nerve to obturator internus (sacral plexus)
Muscles of Deep Group of Gluteal Region
Obturator Internus
- main action(s)
- nerve
MA: lateral rotation of hip joint
N: nerve to obturator internus (sacral plexus)
Muscles of Deep Group of Gluteal Region
Inferior Gemellus
- main action(s)
- nerve
MA: lateral rotation of hip joint
N: nerve to quadratus femoris (sacral plexus)
Muscles of Deep Group of Gluteal Region
Quadratus Femoris
- main action(s)
- nerve
MA: lateral rotation of hip joint
N: nerve to quadratus femoris (sacral plexus)
Muscles of Thigh
What are the 3 compartments?
anterior compartment: mainly extensors of knee joint
medial compartment: mainly adductors of hip joint
posterior compartment: (hamstrings) mainly flexors of knee joint
Muscles of Thigh
What are the 3 compartments made by?
made by femur and extensions of deep fascia of thigh attaching to femur
Muscles of Thigh
What is the anterior compartment innervated by?
femoral nerves
Muscles of Thigh
What is the medial compartment innervated by?
obturator nerve (mostly)
Muscles of Thigh
What is the posterior compartment innervated by?
sciatic nerve
Muscles of Anterior Compartment of Thigh
What are the 4 muscles of this compartment?
psoas major
iliacus
sartorius
quadriceps - rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis
Muscles of Anterior Compartment of Thigh
Psoas Major
- origin
- insertion
- main action(s)
- nerve
O: transverse processes and bodies of lumbar vertebrae and intervening discs
I: lesser trochanter of femur
MA: flexion and lateral rotation of hip joint
N: anterior rami of L1-L3
Muscles of Anterior Compartment of Thigh
Iliacus
- origin
- insertion
- main action(s)
- nerve
O: iliac fossa
I: lesser trochanter of femur
MA: flexion and lateral rotation of hip joint
N: femoral nerve
Muscles of Anterior Compartment of Thigh
Sartorius
- main action(s)
- nerve
MA:
- flexion, abduction, and lateral rotation of hip joint
- flexion and medial rotation of knee joint
N: femoral nerve
Muscles of Anterior Compartment of Thigh
Quadriceps
- main action(s)
- nerve
MA:
- extension of knee joint
- flexion of hip joint (rectus femoris ONLY)
N: femoral nerve
Muscles of Anterior Compartment of Thigh
What is the iliopsoas muscle? What is it formed by?
main flexor of hip joint
formed by psoas major + iliacus muscles
Muscles of Medial Compartment of Thigh
What are the 6 muscles of this compartment?
pectineus gracilis adductor longus adductor brevis adductor magnus obturator externus
Muscles of Medial Compartment of Thigh
Pectineus
- main action(s)
- nerve
MA: adduction and flexion of hip joint
N: femoral nerve
Muscles of Medial Compartment of Thigh
Gracilis
- main action(s)
- nerve
MA:
- adduction of hip joint
- flexion of knee joint
N: obturator nerve
Muscles of Medial Compartment of Thigh
Adductor Longus
- main action(s)
- nerve
MA: adduction of hip joinT
N: obturator nerve
Muscles of Medial Compartment of Thigh
Adductor Brevis
- main action(s)
- nerve
MA: adduction of hip joint
N: obturator nerve
Muscles of Medial Compartment of Thigh
Adductor Magnus - Adductor Part
- main action(s)
- nerve
MA: adduction of hip joint
N: obturator nerve
Muscles of Medial Compartment of Thigh
Adductor Magnus - Hamstring Part
- main action(s)
- nerve
MA: extension of hip joint
N: tibial nerve
Muscles of Medial Compartment of Thigh
Obturator Externus
- main action(s)
- nerve
MA: lateral rotation of hip joint
N: obturator nerve
Muscles of Medial Compartment of Thigh
What is the adductor hiatus?
opening between two insertions of adductor magnus muscle (adductor tubercle)
passage for femoral artery and vein
Muscles of Posterior Compartment of Thigh - Hamstrings
What are the 3 muscles of this compartment?
biceps femoris
semitendinosus
semimembranosus
Muscles of Posterior Compartment of Thigh - Hamstrings
Biceps Femoris - Long Head
- origin
- main action(s)
- nerve
O: ischial tuberosity
MA:
- flexion and lateral rotation of knee
- extension of hip joint
N: tibial nerve
Muscles of Posterior Compartment of Thigh - Hamstrings
Biceps Femoris - Short Head
- origin
- main action(s)
- nerve
O: linea aspera and lateral supracondylar line of femur
MA:
- flexion and lateral rotation of knee
- extension of hip joint
N: common fibular nerve
Muscles of Posterior Compartment of Thigh - Hamstrings
Semitendinosus
- origin
- main action(s)
- nerve
O: ischial tuberosity
MA:
- flexion and medial rotation of knee
- extension of hip joint
N: tibial nerve
Muscles of Posterior Compartment of Thigh - Hamstrings
Semimembranosus
- origin
- main action(s)
- nerve
O: ischial tuberosity
MA:
- flexion and medial rotation of knee
- extension of hip joint
N: tibial nerve
Muscles of Leg
What are the 3 compartments?
anterior: dorsi flexors of ankle joint, extensors of toes, and inverters of foot
posterior:
- superior: mainly plantar flexors of ankle joint
- deep: mainly flexors of toes
lateral: mainly evertor of ankle joint
Muscles of Leg
What are the 3 compartments made by?
made by tibia, fibula, interosseous membrane and extensions of deep fascia of leg attaching to fibula
Muscles of Leg
What is the anterior compartment innervated by?
deep fibular nerve
Muscles of Leg
What is the posterior compartment innervated by?
tibial nerve
Muscles of Leg
What is the lateral compartment innervated by?
superficial fibular nerve
Muscles of Anterior Compartment of Leg
What are the 4 muscles?
tibialis anterior
extensor hallucis longus
extensor digitorum
fibularis tertius
Muscles of Anterior Compartment of Leg
Tibialis Anterior
- insertion
- main action(s)
- nerve
I: medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal
MA:
- dorsi flexion of ankle joint
- inversion of foot
N: deep fibular
Muscles of Anterior Compartment of Leg
Extensor Hallucis Longus
- insertion
- main action(s)
- nerve
I: base of distal phalanx of BIG TOE
MA:
- dorsi flexion of ankle joint
- extension of 1st metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints of big toe
N: deep fibular
Muscles of Anterior Compartment of Leg
Extensor Digitorum
- insertion
- main action(s)
- nerve
I: middle and distal phalanges of TOES 2-5 via dorsal digital expansion
MA:
- dorsi flexion of ankle joint
- extension of metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints of toes 2-5
N: deep fibular
Muscles of Anterior Compartment of Leg
Fibularis Tertius
- insertion
- main action(s)
- nerve
I: dorsal surface of base of 5th metatarsal bone
MA:
- dorsi flexion of ankle joint
- eversion of foot
N: deep fibular
Muscles of Anterior Compartment of Leg
What is the extensor hood (or dorsal digital expansion)?
What is the origin?
What is the insertion?
triangular expansion on dorsal aspect of proximal phalanges, formed by expansion of tendons of extensor digitorum longus muscle
O: tendons of lumbricals and interossei muscles
I: middle and distal phalanges
Muscles of Superficial Group of Posterior Compartment of Leg
What are the 3 muscles of this group?
gaastrocnemius
soleus
plantaris
Muscles of Superficial Group of Posterior Compartment of Leg
Gastrocnemius
- origin
- insertion
- main action(s)
- nerve
O:
- medial head: superior to medial femoral condyle
- lateral head: lateral to lateral femoral condyle
I: posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal (Achilles) tendon
MA:
- plantar flexion of ankle joint
- flexes knee joint
N: tibial nerve
Muscles of Superficial Group of Posterior Compartment of Leg
Soleus
- origin
- insertion
- main action(s)
- nerve
O: head and upper part of posterior surface of fibular shaft and soleal line of tibia
I: posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal (Achilles) tendon
MA: plantar flexion of ankle joint
N: tibial nerve
Muscles of Superficial Group of Posterior Compartment of Leg
Plantaris
- origin
- insertion
- main action(s)
- nerve
O: lower part of lateral supracondylar line
I: posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal (Achilles) tendon
MA: plantar flexion of ankle joint
N: tibial nerve
Muscles of Deep Group of Posterior Compartment of Leg
What are the 4 muscles of this group?
flexor digitorum longus
flexor hallucis longus
tibialis posterior
popliteus
Muscles of Deep Group of Posterior Compartment of Leg
Flexor Digitorum Longus
- main action(s)
- nerve
MA: flexion of metatarsophalangeal, proximal, and distal interphalangeal joint of toes 2-5
N: tibial nerve
Muscles of Deep Group of Posterior Compartment of Leg
Flexor Hallucis Longus
- main action(s)
- nerve
MA: flexion of metatarsophalangeal, and interphalangeal joints of big toe
N: tibial nerve
Muscles of Deep Group of Posterior Compartment of Leg
Tibialis Posterior
- main action(s)
- nerve
MA: inversion of foot and plantar flexion of ankle joint
N: tibial nerve
Muscles of Deep Group of Posterior Compartment of Leg
Popliteus
- main action(s)
- nerve
MA: flexion and medial rotation of knee joint (key to unlocking knee)
N: tibial nerve
Muscles of Lateral Compartment of Leg
What are the 2 muscles of this compartment?
fibularis longus
fibularis brevis
Muscles of Lateral Compartment of Leg
Fibularis Longus
- main action(s)
- nerve
MA: eversion of foot
N: superficial fibular nerve
Muscles of Lateral Compartment of Leg
Fibularis Brevis
- main action(s)
- nerve
MA: eversion of foot
N: superficial fibular nerve
Muscles of Sole of Foot (First Layer)
What are the 3 muscles of this group?
What are their innervations?
abductor hallucis
- medial plantar nerve
flexor digitorum brevis
- medial plantar nerve
abductor digiti minimi
- lateral plantar nerve
Muscles of Sole of Foot (Second Layer)
What are the 2 types of muscles of this group?
What are their main functions and innervations?
lumbricals
- flex MTP
- extend PIP and DIP
- 1 = medial plantar nerve
- 2,3,4 = lateral plantar nerve
quadratus plantae
- help flex MTP and IP for 2,3,4,5
- lateral plantar nerve
Muscles of Sole of Foot (Second Layer)
What are the 2 tendons of this group?
- flexor hallucis longus
- flexor digitorum longus
Muscles of Sole of Foot (Third Layer)
What are the 3 muscles of this group?
What are their innervations?
flexor hallucis brevis
- medial plantar
adductor hallucis
- lateral plantar
flexor digiti minimi brevis
- lateral plantar
Muscles of Sole of Foot (Fourth Layer)
What are the 2 types of muscles of this group?
What are their main functions?
dorsal interossei
plantar interossei
- abduct or adduct toes
PAD AND DAB - both lateral plantar nerve
Muscles of Sole of Foot (Fourth Layer)
What are the tendons of this group?
tendons of tibialis posterior, and fibularis longus muscles
What are the muscles of the sole of the foot involved in maintaining?
arches of the foot
What are the muscles of the sole of the foot innervated by?
medial or lateral plantar nerves
Where are the muscles of the sole of the foot located?
deep to plantar aponeurosis (thickening of deep fascia of sole of foot), which protects soft tissues of this region and assists in maintaining foot arches
Muscles of Sole of Foot (Fourth Layer)
Dorsal Interossei
- main action(s)
- nerve
MA:
- ABDUCTION of metatarsophalangeal joints
- extension of interphalangeal joints of toes 2-4
N: lateral and medial plantar nerves
Muscles of Sole of Foot (Fourth Layer)
Plantar Interossei
- main action(s)
- nerve
MA:
- ADDUCTION of metatarsophalangeal joints
- extension of interphalangeal joints of toes 3-5
N: lateral and medial plantar nerves
What are the 3 transitional areas of the lower limb?
femoral triangle
popliteal fossa
tarsal tunnel
Femoral Triangle - Transitional Area of Lower Limb
What is the triangle formed by?
inguinal ligament (superiorly), sartorius muscle (laterally), and adductor longus muscle (medially)
Femoral Triangle - Transitional Area of Lower Limb
What does the triangle contain?
femoral vein, artery, and nerve (from medial to lateral)
Femoral Triangle - Transitional Area of Lower Limb
What does the apex continue with?
apex points inferiorly, and continues with adductor canal (muscular canal)
Femoral Triangle - Transitional Area of Lower Limb
How is the triangle connected to the popliteal fossa?
distal end of adductor canal opens to popliteal fossa via adductor hiatus (opening between two insertions of adductor magnus muscle)
Femoral Triangle - Transitional Area of Lower Limb
What is the adductor hiatus?
opening between two insertions of adductor magnus muscle
Popliteal Fossa - Transitional Area of Lower limb
What is the shape and location of the fossa?
diamond-shaped area located behind knee joint
Popliteal Fossa - Transitional Area of Lower limb
What is the fossa bounded by?
hamstring muscles (superiorly), and lateral and medial heads of gastrocnemius muscle (inferiorly)
Popliteal Fossa - Transitional Area of Lower limb
What does the fossa contain?
popliteal artery, popliteal vein, tibial, and common fibular nerves
Tarsal Tunnel - Transitional Area of Lower limb
What is the tarsal tunnel?
fibro-osseous tunnel
Tarsal Tunnel - Transitional Area of Lower limb
What is the tunnel made by?
medial malleolus and flexor retinaculum (thickening of deep fascia) medial to ankle
Tarsal Tunnel - Transitional Area of Lower limb
What does the tunnel contain?
tendons of deep muscles of posterior compartment of leg (except popliteus), tibial nerve, and posterior tibial artery and vein