respiratory system

Question 1

non respiratory function

Answer 1

*SYNTHESIS OF HORMONAL SUBSTANCES
*SECRETION OF ANGIOTENSIN- CONVERTING ENZYMEANT
*COAGULANT FUNCTION
*REGULATION OF ACID-BASE BALANCE
*REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE
*MAINTENANCE OF WATER BALANCe
*DEFENSE MECHANISM
*PREVENTION OF DUST PARTICLE
VOCALIZATION
. OLFACTION

Question 2

mechanism of breathing

Answer 2

*MUSCLES OF RESPIRATION
1. Inspiratory muscles 2. Expiratory muscles.
*STURUCTURE INCLUDE IN INSPIRATION
structures:
1. Thoracic lid 2. Upper costal series 3. Lower costal series 4. Diaphragm.

During inspiration, thoracic cage enlarges and lungs expand so that air enters the lungs easily.

During expiration, the thoracic cage and lungs decrease in size and attain the preinspiratory position so that air leaves the lungs easily.
During normal quiet breathing, inspiration is the active process and expiration is the passive process. 👌

MOVEMENTS OF 🫁 During inspiration, due to the enlargement of thoracic cage, the negative pressure is increased in the thoracic cavity. It causes expansion of the lungs.
During ex pira tion, the thoracic cavity decreases in size

Question 3

TYPES OF LUNG FUNCTION TESTS

Answer 3

Static lung function tests 2. Dynamic lung function tests.

Static lung function tests include static lung volumes and static lung capacities.

dynamic
These tests include forced vital capacity,
forced expiratory volume, expiratory flow
. Dynamic lung function tests are useful in deter mining the severity of obstructive and restrictive lung diseases

Question 4

lung Vol 🫁 🫁 🫁 🫁 🫁 🫁 🫁 🫁 🫁 🫁

Answer 4

TIDAL VOLUME 500 mL (0.5 L)
INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME
3,300 mL (3.3 L).
EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME 1,000 mL (1 L).
RESIDUAL VOLUME. 1,200 mL (1.2 L)
CAPACITIES
INSPIRATORY CAPACITY
IC = TV + IRV = 500 + 3,300 = 3,800 m
VITAL CAPACITY (VC)
VC = IRV + TV + ERV = 3,300 + 500 + 1,000 = 4,800 mL
FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY
FRC = ERV + RV = 1,000 + 1,200 = 2,200 mL

Question 5

exchange of respiratory gases

Answer 5

exchange of respiratory gases takes place. between alveoli and lung through bulk flow diffusion
It is formed by epithelium of respiratory unit and endothelium of pulmonary capillary

Question 6

diffusion of oxygen

Answer 6

Thus, the diffusing capacity for carbon dioxide is about 20 times more than that of oxygen.
40 Arterial end of pulmonary capillary
104 Alveoli
104. Venous end of pulmonary capillary
95. Arterial end of systemic capillary
40. Tissue
40. Venous end of systemic capillary

Question 7

NERVOUS MECHANISM

Answer 7

Nervous mechanism that regulates the respiration includes: 1. Respiratory centers 2. Afferent nerves 3. Efferent nerves.
Medullary centers consisting of— 1. Dorsal respiratory group of neurons 2. Ventral respiratory group of neurons
B. Pontine centers — 3. Apneustic center 4. Pneumotaxic center.

Question 8

dorsal

Answer 8

Dorsal group of neurons are responsible for basic rhythm of respiration (

Question 9

ventral

Answer 9

Normally, ventral group neurons are inactive during quiet breathing and become active during forced breathing
. During forced breathing, these neurons stimulate both inspiratory muscles and expiratory muscles.

Question 10

apneustic

Answer 10

Apneustic center increases depth of inspiration by acting directly on dorsal group neurons.

Question 11

pneumotaxic

Answer 11

Primary function of pneumotaxic center is to control the medullary respiratory centers
Pneumotaxic center increases respiratory rate by reducing the duration of inspiration.