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Bio 20 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is the moistening and warming of air important?

A

To protect the structures of the lower respiratory tract.

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2
Q

Function of the epiglottis:

A

Flap of cartilage that closes when a person swallows

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3
Q

Function of glottis:

A

Glottis is the opening to the trachea and it must be closed when swallowing to prevent food from entering the lungs.

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4
Q

What happens to carbonic acid after it forms?

A

It dissociated into a hydrogen ion and bicarbonate ion.

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5
Q

Define “vital capacity”

A

The total volume of gas that can be moved into/out of the lungs.

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6
Q

Function of the nasal passages:

A
  • Warm, moisten and clean inhaled air
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7
Q

What do ciliated cells do in the respiratory tract?

A

They move foreign particles back up the nose so they can be expelled.

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8
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

A sheet of muscle that separates the organs of the thoracic cavity from those of the abdominal cavity.

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9
Q

Is breathing voluntary or involuntary?

A

Involuntary

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10
Q

What is/does the rib cage do?

A

The rib cage is muscles/bones that protect the lungs.

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11
Q

What are intercostal muscles?

A

muscles found between the ribs that extend to the diaphragm

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12
Q

What are hiccups?

A

Involuntary contractions of the diaphragm combine with contractions of the larynx.

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13
Q

What is the main organ of respiration?

A

The lungs

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14
Q

What requirements are needed for respiration to take place?

A

1) large surface area for maximul O2 & CO2 exchange
2) Moist environment to dissolve O2 and CO2

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15
Q

How do Bronchi and Bronchioles differ?

A

Bronchi are supported by cartilaginous rings, bronchioles are not

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16
Q

What are the organs of the upper respiratory tract?

A

1) nasal passages
2) pharynx
3) glottis
4) epiglottis
5) larynx
6) trachea

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17
Q

Define “inspiratory reserve volume”

A

Additional volume of air that can be taken into the lungs beyond a regular (tidal) volume.

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18
Q

How is the surface area of the nasal passages increased?

A

Turbinate bones

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19
Q

Function of the pharynx:

A
  • passageway to the respiratory system
  • carries food/water to the digestive tract
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20
Q

What is the function of the human respiratory system?

A

To ensure oxygen is being brought to each cell in the body.

To ensure CO2 can leave each cell and be removed from the body.

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21
Q

What is the pleural membrane?

A

A thin fluid-filled membrane that surrounds the lungs.

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22
Q

Define “expiratory reserve volume”

A

Additional volume of air that can be forced out of the lungs beyond a tidal inhalation.

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23
Q

What is the function of the bronchi?

A

To carry air from the trachea to the left/right lung

24
Q

How many lobe in the left lung?

A

Two… to make room for the heart.

25
Q

What is CO2 and the rate of respiration? Example?

A

The level of CO2 in the blood that controls the rate at which we breath.

Ex. mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.

26
Q

How is carbonic acid formed?

A

When CO2 reacts with an H2O molecule in the blood

27
Q

What is the function of mucus?

A

Captures/traps foreign particles in the respiratory tract.

28
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

An oxygen binding pigment that transports oxygen in the blood.

29
Q

What has a higher concentration of air? The blood in capillaries or the alveoli?

A

The alveoli

30
Q

What is the function of the trachea?

A

It carries air into the lungs

31
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Tiny clusters of air sacs found at the end of bronchioles.

32
Q

What happens to the oxygen in internal respiration?

A

It diffuses from the blood into the oxygen poor tissue while CO2 diffuses from the tissues into the blood.

33
Q

What lines the bronchi?

A

Cilia and mucus producing cells.

34
Q

What is the function of the pleural membrane?

A

It allows the lungs to expand/contract with the movement of the chest.

35
Q

Why are the alveolar walls one cell thick?

A

To allow gasses to diffuse through the cell membrane.

36
Q

Where does external respiration take place?

A

In the lungs

37
Q

What does the residual volume prevent?

A

The collapsing of the lungs.

38
Q

What is the residual volume?

A

Gas that never leaves the respiratory system.

39
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The volume of air that is inhaled/exhaled in a normal breathing movement when the body is at rest.

40
Q

What do capillaries do?

A
  • Link arteries to veins
  • Where they surround the alveoli, carbon dioxide dissolved in the blood is exchanged for oxygen.
41
Q

Why do we breath?

A

It is an exchange of gasses for cellular respiration. We exhale to release CO2 because it is not used in our cells.

Breathing is vital in order to carry out cellular respiration which produces energy used to fuel all cell functions.

42
Q

What happens during external respiration?

A

Gasses are exchanged between the alveoli.

43
Q

What does the spirograph represent?

A

The amount of air that moves in an out of the lungs with each breath.

44
Q

How many lobes are there in the right lung?

A

Three

45
Q

What controls breathing?

A

Part of the brain called the medulla oblongata detects high levels of CO2 in the blood and forces the diaphragm to contract.

46
Q

How is oxygen carried within the bloodstream?

A

About 99% that reaches the cells is carried by hemoglobin (only in RBC). The rest is dissolved in the blood plasma.

47
Q

Where does gas exchange happen?

A

In the alveoli

48
Q

Where does internal respiration take place?

A

Between the capillaries and body tissue.

49
Q

What are the organs of the lower respiratory tract?

A

1) bronchi
2) bronchioles
3) alveoli
4) lungs

50
Q

What is the alveolar wall?

A

A membrane that encloses each alveolus. It is one cell think and surrounded by tiny capillaries.

51
Q

What are the stages of respiration?

A

1) breathing (inspiration/exhalation)

2) external respiration (exchange of O2 and CO2 (air and blood))

3) internal respiration (exchange of O2 and CO2 (cells and blood))

4) Cellular respiration (provides energy and maintain homeostasis)

52
Q

What is the function of the larynx?

A

Cartilage that contracts/vibrate when someone speaks.

53
Q

How is CO2 carried in the bloodstream?

A

23%- carried by hemoglobin

7% - carried in plasma

70% - dissolved and carried as bicarbonate ions in the plasma

54
Q

What structures control air pressure inside the lungs?

A

The diaphragm and rib muscles

55
Q

What are bronchioles?

A

Subdivisions of the bronchi within each lung

56
Q

Mechanics of exhalation:

A

1) Diaphragm/rib muscles relax

2) Rib cage pulls down/inwards

3) Diaphragm pulls upward

4) Volume in thoracic cavity decreases

5) Air pressure in lungs increases

6) Air moves from an area of high pressure (lungs) to an area of low pressure (environment)

57
Q

Mechanics of inhalation:

A

1) Intercostal muscles/diaphragm contract

2) Rib cage lifts up/outwards

3) Diaphragm pulls downward

4) Volume in thoracic cavity increases

5) Air pressure in lungs decreases

6) Air rushes in

Bio 20 (10 decks)

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