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Circulatory System/Blood Circulation/Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of veins?

A

To carry oxygen-poor blood to the heart from the body (except pulmonary)

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of veins?

A
  • Thinner (non-elastic) walls, but larger circumference than arteries
  • Valves inside help blood to flow in the right direction along with muscle contractions
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3
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Indicator of how much oxygen is being delivered to the body

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4
Q

What are the main types of blood vessels?

A

1) arteries
2) veins
3) capillaries

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5
Q

What is the septum?

A

Thick muscular wall that separates left/right chambers of the heart

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6
Q

Why is physical activity important in the circulatory system?

A
  • Increases resting stroke volume
  • Enlarges ventricular chambers
  • Increases ventricular distensibility
  • Strengthens ventricle walls
  • Heart develops more power to push blood
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7
Q

What are the atria?

A

They are the two upper chambers of the heart. They fill with blood returning from the body (right atrium) or lungs (left atrium)

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8
Q

What do the ventricles do?

A

The two bottom chambers of the heart pump blood either to the lungs (right ventricle) or to the body (left ventricle).

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9
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A
  • The thickening of the artery walls causing hardening/loss of elasticity.
  • Causes narrow/blockage in arteries (decreased blood flow)
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10
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

Amount (mL) of blood forced out of the heart with each beat.

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11
Q

What is stroke volume dependant on?

A

how easily the heart fills with blood and empties again

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12
Q

What do the blood vessels do?

A

Act as roadways for the blood

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13
Q

What is normal blood pressure?

A

120 mmHg / 80 mmHg

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14
Q

What is congenital heart defect?

A

Structural defects present from birth. It may be genetic or due to drug/alcohol use during pregnancy.

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15
Q

What are the 3 main components of the circulatory system?

A

1) the heart
2) blood
3) blood vessels

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16
Q

What are the purpose of valves? How many are there?

A

There are four valves that ensure blood flows in the right direction

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17
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

They join arteries to veins and are one cell thick to allow for the diffusion of gases, waste and nutrients

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18
Q

What does the blood do in the circulatory system?

A

Carries nutrients, oxygen, CO2 water waste and other materials throughout the body

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19
Q

What type of muscle is the heart made up of?

A

Cardiac

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20
Q

What happens in the coronary pathway?

A

It provided blood to the muscle tissue of the heart; capillaries in the heart wall receive blood from coronary arteries

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21
Q

What happens in the systematic pathway?

A

Transports oxygen rich blood from the heart to the body tussue

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22
Q

Define blood pressure:

A

Pressure being exerted on vessel walls as blood is pumped through the body.

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23
Q

What does the inferior vena cava do?

A

receives oxygen-poor blood from the lower body

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24
Q

What is the role of the circulatory system?

A
  • Transports gas
  • Transports nutrients
  • Transports wastes
  • Regulates against temp.
  • Protect against bacteria, viruses, toxic substances and blood loss
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25
How can you treat arteriosclerosis?
Aspirin - reduces clot formation Urokinase and t-PA - "clot busters" Angioplasty - opens blocked arteries Triple coronary bypass - creats 3 new pathways for the blood
26
What causes the "lub" "dub" sound?
Sounds of the heart valves closing: - Lub = bi/tri cuspid valves closing - Dub = pulmonary & aortic SLV closing
27
What is systolic pressure?
Maximus pressure during ventricular contractions
28
What is diastolic pressure?
Minimum pressure before the ventricular contraction
29
How do you determine cardiac output?
heart rate x stroke vol. = (sig-dig) mL/min
30
What is the measurement of heart rate?
number of beats per min (bpm)
31
Two examples of congenital heart defects:
- Valve defects (leaky valves leads to heart murmurs) - Septal defects (hole in the septum leads to mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
32
What does the superior vena cava do?
Receives oxygen poor blood from the upper body
33
What controls the contractions of the atria?
The SA node
34
What is the SA node? Where is it found?
- Bundle of specialized muscle cells that electrically stimulated the atria to relax/contract simultaneously. - Found in the wall of the right atrium
35
What causes contractions in the ventricles?
The AV node sends electrical signals through specialized fibers called bundle of His & purkinje fibers causing ventricular contractions
36
What do the letters P, Q, R, S, and T stand for on an electrocardiogram?
P- contraction of atria QRS - contraction of ventricles T- recover of ventricles
37
What are the pathways of the circulatory system?
1) Pulmonary 2) Systematic 3) Coronary
38
What happens in the pulmonary pathway?
Transports oxygen-poor blood to the lungs and oxygen-rich blood back to the heart.
39
What does the heart do?
pumps blood throughout the body and generates blood flow
40
What is the heart composed of?
- Right atrium - Right ventricle - Left atrium - Left ventricle
41
What are the vena cava?
Two large blood vessels that open into the right atrium
42
What are pulmonary arteries?
Vessels by which oxygen-poor blood passes from the right ventricle to the lungs for gas exchange
43
What are pulmonary veins?
vessels by which oxygen rich blood returns from the lungs to the left atrium
44
What is the aorta?
The largest vessel by which oxygen rich blood is pumped out of the L-ventrical and into the body
45
What valves separate the atria and ventricles?
- Right side: tricuspid - Left side: bicuspid
46
What valves lead to the pulmonary trunk and aorta
- Pulmonary trunk: pulmonary semilunar valve - Aorta: Aortic semilunar valve
47
What is transport responsible for?
- Digestion/action of hormones - Picking up/carrying gases through the respiratory tract and body - Transport/removal of waste products - Conveying hormones to kidneys
48
What are the 3 groups part of the body's response to infection?
1) Granulocytes 2) Monocytes 3) Lymphocytes
49
Why do RBC's lack a nucleus?
To allow the cells to carry hemoglobin molecules
50
What are platelets?
Fragments of cells that form when large cells in the bone marrow break apart
51
What is leukemia?
Cancer of the bone marrow
52
Where are white blood cells produced?
In the bone marrow
53
What do macrophages do?
Destroy bacteria
54
What can monocytes do?
Leave the bloodstream and become macrophages
55
What is the fluid portion of blood?
Plasma
56
What are bigger? White or red blood cells?
White
57
Which cells double when your body is fighting an infection?
White blood cells
58
What is plasma made up of?
- Water (92%) - Blood protein (7%) - Organic substances (~0.1%) - Inorganic ions (0.9%)
59
How does the nervous system control the loss of body heat?
By adjusting the amount of blood that flows closer to the skins surface
60
Where are RBC's produced?
In the bone marrow
61
What causes anemia?
- Too few RBC's or hemoglobin in the bloodstream (ie. reduced oxygen flow) - Can be considered iron deficiency
62
What are the components of blood?
- Fluid portion (55%) - Solid portion
63
Why does blood clot?
To prevent excessive blood loss
64
How do you treat leukemia?
- Blood transfusion to increase RBC's and healthy white blood cells - Bone marrow transplant to provide healthy marrow for new healthy cells to grow - Chemotherapy
65
What is the process of shivering?
Blood vessels contracting and moving away from the skin to conserve heat
66
What does vasodilation reduce?
High blood pressure
67
What does vasoconstriction increase?
Low blood pressure
68
What are red blood cells specialized for?
Oxygen transport
69
What are white blood cells apart of?
The immune system
70
What is sickle cell anemia?
- Genetic condition where RBC's do not develop properly - They cannot bind hemoglobin
71
What makes up the solid portion of blood?
- White blood cells (leukocytes) - Red blood cells (erythrocytes) - Platelets
72
How is leukemia charcterized?
- Abnormal increase of immature white blood cells - Prevents blood from clotting normally (frequent nosebleeds/brusing)
73
What do lymphocytes do?
Produce proteins called antibodies that allow phagocytes to be detected and destroyed
74
Examples of granulocytes:
1) neutrophils 2) basophils 3) eosinophils
75
What is homeostatic regulation?
The process of blood vessels expanding and towards the skin to release heat (sweating) or contracting and moving away from the skin to conserve heat (shivering)
76
Blood clotting flow chart:
Injury to blood vessel -> platelets -> thromboplastin -> calcium -> prothrombin -> thrombin -> calcium -> fibrinogen -> fibrin (acts like a mesh
77
What is hemophilia?
A hereditary disease that results from insufficient clotting proteins in the blood. Increases risk of bleeding to death upon injury.
77
How is CO2 transported in the blood?
- Carbon dioxide is dissolved in the blood - Forms carbonic acid in RBCs - Plasma carries it as bicarbonate ions to the lungs
78
Do white blood cells contain a neucleos?
Yes
79
What are lymph vessels?
Vessels that absorb fluid that escapes from the blood in capillaries.
80
How do killer T-cells kill bacteria, fungus, or parasites?
Puncture their cell membrane killing them
81
How do killer T-cells kill a virus?
Destroys the host cell so that it can't reproduce.
82
What are the types of T-cells?
1) Helper T-cells 2) Killer T-cells 3) Suppressor T-cells 4) Memory T-cells
83
What are the types of B-cells?
1) B-cells 2) Memory B-cells
84
What is the role of suppressor T-cells?
- Slow/down/ suppress cellular immunity to ensure normal tissue does not get destroyed
85
What is the role of helper T-cells?
- Recognize antigens - Send chemical message to stimulate B-cells and other T-cells and macrophages to keep fighting
86
What is the role of Memory T-Cells?
- Remain in bloodstream after an attack - Ready to attack quickly if the antigen comes back
87
What is the lymphatic circulatory system?
Network of lymph vessels associated with glands and nodes that extend throughout the body
88
Where does lymph form?
In closed ended tubes that deliver it just outside the heart.
89
What is the role of Killer T-cells
Bind with infected cells, puncture a hole in the membrane so pathogens cannot use the cell to reproduce
90

Bio 20 (10 decks)

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