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Bio 20 > Circulatory System/Blood Circulation/Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Circulatory System/Blood Circulation/Lymphatic System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the role of veins?

A

To carry oxygen-poor blood to the heart from the body (except pulmonary)

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of veins?

A
  • Thinner (non-elastic) walls, but larger circumference than arteries
  • Valves inside help blood to flow in the right direction along with muscle contractions
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3
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Indicator of how much oxygen is being delivered to the body

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4
Q

What are the main types of blood vessels?

A

1) arteries
2) veins
3) capillaries

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5
Q

What is the septum?

A

Thick muscular wall that separates left/right chambers of the heart

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6
Q

Why is physical activity important in the circulatory system?

A
  • Increases resting stroke volume
  • Enlarges ventricular chambers
  • Increases ventricular distensibility
  • Strengthens ventricle walls
  • Heart develops more power to push blood
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7
Q

What are the atria?

A

They are the two upper chambers of the heart. They fill with blood returning from the body (right atrium) or lungs (left atrium)

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8
Q

What do the ventricles do?

A

The two bottom chambers of the heart pump blood either to the lungs (right ventricle) or to the body (left ventricle).

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9
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A
  • The thickening of the artery walls causing hardening/loss of elasticity.
  • Causes narrow/blockage in arteries (decreased blood flow)
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10
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

Amount (mL) of blood forced out of the heart with each beat.

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11
Q

What is stroke volume dependant on?

A

how easily the heart fills with blood and empties again

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12
Q

What do the blood vessels do?

A

Act as roadways for the blood

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13
Q

What is normal blood pressure?

A

120 mmHg / 80 mmHg

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14
Q

What is congenital heart defect?

A

Structural defects present from birth. It may be genetic or due to drug/alcohol use during pregnancy.

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15
Q

What are the 3 main components of the circulatory system?

A

1) the heart
2) blood
3) blood vessels

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16
Q

What are the purpose of valves? How many are there?

A

There are four valves that ensure blood flows in the right direction

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17
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

They join arteries to veins and are one cell thick to allow for the diffusion of gases, waste and nutrients

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18
Q

What does the blood do in the circulatory system?

A

Carries nutrients, oxygen, CO2 water waste and other materials throughout the body

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19
Q

What type of muscle is the heart made up of?

A

Cardiac

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20
Q

What happens in the coronary pathway?

A

It provided blood to the muscle tissue of the heart; capillaries in the heart wall receive blood from coronary arteries

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21
Q

What happens in the systematic pathway?

A

Transports oxygen rich blood from the heart to the body tussue

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22
Q

Define blood pressure:

A

Pressure being exerted on vessel walls as blood is pumped through the body.

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23
Q

What does the inferior vena cava do?

A

receives oxygen-poor blood from the lower body

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24
Q

What is the role of the circulatory system?

A
  • Transports gas
  • Transports nutrients
  • Transports wastes
  • Regulates against temp.
  • Protect against bacteria, viruses, toxic substances and blood loss
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25
Q

How can you treat arteriosclerosis?

A

Aspirin - reduces clot formation
Urokinase and t-PA - “clot busters”
Angioplasty - opens blocked arteries
Triple coronary bypass - creats 3 new pathways for the blood

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26
Q

What causes the “lub” “dub” sound?

A

Sounds of the heart valves closing:
- Lub = bi/tri cuspid valves closing
- Dub = pulmonary & aortic SLV closing

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27
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

Maximus pressure during ventricular contractions

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28
Q

What is diastolic pressure?

A

Minimum pressure before the ventricular contraction

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29
Q

How do you determine cardiac output?

A

heart rate x stroke vol.
= (sig-dig) mL/min

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30
Q

What is the measurement of heart rate?

A

number of beats per min (bpm)

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31
Q

Two examples of congenital heart defects:

A
  • Valve defects (leaky valves leads to heart murmurs)
  • Septal defects (hole in the septum leads to mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
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32
Q

What does the superior vena cava do?

A

Receives oxygen poor blood from the upper body

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33
Q

What controls the contractions of the atria?

A

The SA node

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34
Q

What is the SA node? Where is it found?

A
  • Bundle of specialized muscle cells that electrically stimulated the atria to relax/contract simultaneously.
  • Found in the wall of the right atrium
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35
Q

What causes contractions in the ventricles?

A

The AV node sends electrical signals through specialized fibers called bundle of His & purkinje fibers causing ventricular contractions

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36
Q

What do the letters P, Q, R, S, and T stand for on an electrocardiogram?

A

P- contraction of atria
QRS - contraction of ventricles
T- recover of ventricles

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37
Q

What are the pathways of the circulatory system?

A

1) Pulmonary
2) Systematic
3) Coronary

38
Q

What happens in the pulmonary pathway?

A

Transports oxygen-poor blood to the lungs and oxygen-rich blood back to the heart.

39
Q

What does the heart do?

A

pumps blood throughout the body and generates blood flow

40
Q

What is the heart composed of?

A
  • Right atrium
  • Right ventricle
  • Left atrium
  • Left ventricle
41
Q

What are the vena cava?

A

Two large blood vessels that open into the right atrium

42
Q

What are pulmonary arteries?

A

Vessels by which oxygen-poor blood passes from the right ventricle to the lungs for gas exchange

43
Q

What are pulmonary veins?

A

vessels by which oxygen rich blood returns from the lungs to the left atrium

44
Q

What is the aorta?

A

The largest vessel by which oxygen rich blood is pumped out of the L-ventrical and into the body

45
Q

What valves separate the atria and ventricles?

A
  • Right side: tricuspid
  • Left side: bicuspid
46
Q

What valves lead to the pulmonary trunk and aorta

A
  • Pulmonary trunk: pulmonary semilunar valve
  • Aorta: Aortic semilunar valve
47
Q

What is transport responsible for?

A
  • Digestion/action of hormones
  • Picking up/carrying gases through the respiratory tract and body
  • Transport/removal of waste products
  • Conveying hormones to kidneys
48
Q

What are the 3 groups part of the body’s response to infection?

A

1) Granulocytes
2) Monocytes
3) Lymphocytes

49
Q

Why do RBC’s lack a nucleus?

A

To allow the cells to carry hemoglobin molecules

50
Q

What are platelets?

A

Fragments of cells that form when large cells in the bone marrow break apart

51
Q

What is leukemia?

A

Cancer of the bone marrow

52
Q

Where are white blood cells produced?

A

In the bone marrow

53
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

Destroy bacteria

54
Q

What can monocytes do?

A

Leave the bloodstream and become macrophages

55
Q

What is the fluid portion of blood?

A

Plasma

56
Q

What are bigger? White or red blood cells?

A

White

57
Q

Which cells double when your body is fighting an infection?

A

White blood cells

58
Q

What is plasma made up of?

A
  • Water (92%)
  • Blood protein (7%)
  • Organic substances (~0.1%)
  • Inorganic ions (0.9%)
59
Q

How does the nervous system control the loss of body heat?

A

By adjusting the amount of blood that flows closer to the skins surface

60
Q

Where are RBC’s produced?

A

In the bone marrow

61
Q

What causes anemia?

A
  • Too few RBC’s or hemoglobin in the bloodstream (ie. reduced oxygen flow)
  • Can be considered iron deficiency
62
Q

What are the components of blood?

A
  • Fluid portion (55%)
  • Solid portion
63
Q

Why does blood clot?

A

To prevent excessive blood loss

64
Q

How do you treat leukemia?

A
  • Blood transfusion to increase RBC’s and healthy white blood cells
  • Bone marrow transplant to provide healthy marrow for new healthy cells to grow
  • Chemotherapy
65
Q

What is the process of shivering?

A

Blood vessels contracting and moving away from the skin to conserve heat

66
Q

What does vasodilation reduce?

A

High blood pressure

67
Q

What does vasoconstriction increase?

A

Low blood pressure

68
Q

What are red blood cells specialized for?

A

Oxygen transport

69
Q

What are white blood cells apart of?

A

The immune system

70
Q

What is sickle cell anemia?

A
  • Genetic condition where RBC’s do not develop properly
  • They cannot bind hemoglobin
71
Q

What makes up the solid portion of blood?

A
  • White blood cells (leukocytes)
  • Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
  • Platelets
72
Q

How is leukemia charcterized?

A
  • Abnormal increase of immature white blood cells
  • Prevents blood from clotting normally (frequent nosebleeds/brusing)
73
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

Produce proteins called antibodies that allow phagocytes to be detected and destroyed

74
Q

Examples of granulocytes:

A

1) neutrophils
2) basophils
3) eosinophils

75
Q

What is homeostatic regulation?

A

The process of blood vessels expanding and towards the skin to release heat (sweating) or contracting and moving away from the skin to conserve heat (shivering)

76
Q

Blood clotting flow chart:

A

Injury to blood vessel -> platelets -> thromboplastin -> calcium -> prothrombin -> thrombin -> calcium -> fibrinogen -> fibrin (acts like a mesh

77
Q

What is hemophilia?

A

A hereditary disease that results from insufficient clotting proteins in the blood. Increases risk of bleeding to death upon injury.

77
Q

How is CO2 transported in the blood?

A
  • Carbon dioxide is dissolved in the blood
  • Forms carbonic acid in RBCs
  • Plasma carries it as bicarbonate ions to the lungs
78
Q

Do white blood cells contain a neucleos?

A

Yes

79
Q

What are lymph vessels?

A

Vessels that absorb fluid that escapes from the blood in capillaries.

80
Q

How do killer T-cells kill bacteria, fungus, or parasites?

A

Puncture their cell membrane killing them

81
Q

How do killer T-cells kill a virus?

A

Destroys the host cell so that it can’t reproduce.

82
Q

What are the types of T-cells?

A

1) Helper T-cells
2) Killer T-cells
3) Suppressor T-cells
4) Memory T-cells

83
Q

What are the types of B-cells?

A

1) B-cells
2) Memory B-cells

84
Q

What is the role of suppressor T-cells?

A
  • Slow/down/ suppress cellular immunity to ensure normal tissue does not get destroyed
85
Q

What is the role of helper T-cells?

A
  • Recognize antigens
  • Send chemical message to stimulate B-cells and other T-cells and macrophages to keep fighting
86
Q

What is the role of Memory T-Cells?

A
  • Remain in bloodstream after an attack
  • Ready to attack quickly if the antigen comes back
87
Q

What is the lymphatic circulatory system?

A

Network of lymph vessels associated with glands and nodes that extend throughout the body

88
Q

Where does lymph form?

A

In closed ended tubes that deliver it just outside the heart.

89
Q

What is the role of Killer T-cells

A

Bind with infected cells, puncture a hole in the membrane so pathogens cannot use the cell to reproduce

90
Q
A

Bio 20 (10 decks)

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