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Bio 20 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the role of the digestive system?

A

It is specialized to breakdown food both physically and chemically and then absorb the nutrients into the bloodstream.

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2
Q

What are the four components(steps) of digestion?

A

1) Ingest
2) Digestion
3) Absorption
4) Egestion

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3
Q

What is ingestion?

A

Ingestion is the taking in of nutrients

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4
Q

What happens during digestion?

A

The breaking down of organic molecules into smaller complexes

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5
Q

What is absorbtion?

A

The transport of digested nutrients to the tissues of the body

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6
Q

What is egestion?

A

The removal of materials from the food that the body cannot digest

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7
Q

Where does digestion begin?

A

The mouth

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8
Q

What type of digestion begins in the mouth? Physical or chemical?

A

Physical

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9
Q

How is physical breakdown started in the mouth?

A

Food is chewed by the teeth.

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10
Q

Why is it important for food to be chewed?

A

To make it easier for chemicals to work on it.

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11
Q

What does the tongue do in the digestive system?

A

Rolls food into a ball-like mass called a bolus. The tongue then pushes it to the back of the mouth for swallowing.

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12
Q

How does chemical digestion happen in the mouth?

A

An enzyme called salivary amylase produced by the salivary glands break down starch in the mouth into disaccharides.

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13
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

Connects the esophagus to the trachea.

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14
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

a cartilage flap that closes over the trachea when food is being swallowed.

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15
Q

What is the esophagus made up of?

A

Smooth muscle and cartilaginous rings.

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16
Q

What is secreted in the esophagus?

A

mucus

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17
Q

What does the esophagus do?

A

Moves bolus to the stomach through peristalsis.

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18
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

wavelike contractions of muscle to push food through

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19
Q

How many layers does the stomach have?

A

4

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20
Q

What do the 3 outer layers of the stomach do?

A

Mix food with gastric secretions to create chyme.

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21
Q

What the ridges on the innermost layer of the stomach called?

A

Rugae

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22
Q

What is in gastric juice?

A

water, mucus, salt, HCl and enzymes

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23
Q

What is the pyloric sphincter?

A

A valve at the lower end of the stomach that controls the passing of food into the small intestine.

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24
Q

Where does protein digestion start?

A

The stomach

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25
Q

What lines the stomach?

A

secretory cells

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26
Q

What are secretory cells?

A

cells that secrete things

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27
Q

Where does most of food absorption happen?

A

The small intestine

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28
Q

What 3 things are absorbed in the stomach?

A

Water, certain vitamins, alcohol

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29
Q

What does the esophagel sphincter do?

A

Controls the entry of food into the stomach.

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30
Q

What physical breakdown happens in the stomach?

A

Peristalsis pushes food around in the stomach breaking it down to form chyme.

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31
Q

What is chyme?

A

A thick mixture of food and gastric juices.

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32
Q

What is responsible for chemical breakdown in the stomach?

A

Gastric juice

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33
Q

What does HCl in the stomach do to protiens?

A

Begins to soften and break them down

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34
Q

What happens to amylase in the stomach?

A

It denatures as the HCl in the stomach is to acidic

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35
Q

What stimulated the production of Gastrin?

A

The anticipation of eating

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36
Q

What is gastrin?

A

A hormone found in the stomach.

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37
Q

What stimulates the production of HCl in the stomach?

A

Gastrin hormone

38
Q

How is pepsin activated?

A

When HCl is present

39
Q

What is pepsin?

A

A protein digesting enzyme the stomach

40
Q

What does pepsin do to proteins?

A

Pepsin breaks down the proteins into long chain polypeptides.

41
Q

What enzymes break down sugars?

A

Carbohydrases (lactase, sucrase, maltase)

42
Q

What is the main function of the small intestine?

A

Complete the digestion of macromolecules and absorb nutrients.

43
Q

What are the macromolecules digested in the digestive system?

A
  • Carbs
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic Acids
44
Q

What is segmentation?

A

Physical digestion in the small intestine. It sloshes chyme back and forth between the segments of the small intestine.

45
Q

What are the 3 section of the small intestine?

A

1) Duodenum
2) Jejunum
3) Ileum

46
Q

What happens in the duodenum?

A
  • Most digestion is finished
  • Acidic chyme is neutralized
47
Q

What happens in the Jejunm?

A
  • Most products are absorbed into the bloodstream
  • Continue food breakdown
48
Q

What happens in the Ilumn?

A

Absorb nutrients and push remaining undigested food into the large intestine

49
Q

What is the small intestine lined with? what do they do?

A

Villi line the small intestine and increase its surface to maximise nutrient absorption.

50
Q

What enters the larges intestine?

A

Undigested waste

51
Q

What are the four main functions of the large intestine?

A

1) complete absorption of food
2) make certain vitamins
3) recover water
4) form/expel undigested waste

52
Q

What helps synthesize vitamins in the large intestine?

A

bacteria

53
Q

What are the two parts of the large intestine?

A

1) colon
2) rectum

54
Q

What happens in the colon?

A

absorbs water and salts and contains vitamin producing bacteria

55
Q

What happens in the rectum?

A

stores feces to pass through the anus.

56
Q

Where are bile salts stored?

A

the gallbladder

57
Q

what do bile salts do?

A

emulsify lipids into smaller pieces (break down fats)

58
Q

Is emulsification physical or chemical breakdown?

A

physical, no chemical bonds are broken

59
Q

How is bile sent to the duodenum?

A

through the bile duct

60
Q

Where is the appendix?

A

close to where the small intestine connects to the large intestine

61
Q

Does the appendix play a role in digestion?

A

No, the function was said to be lost through evolution

62
Q

What is the appendix considered?

A

a vestigial organ

63
Q

WHere is the pancreas located?

A

near the stomach

64
Q

What is made in the pancreas?

A

pancreatic jucies

65
Q

What is in pancreatic jucies?

A
  • approx. 28 different enzymes
  • sodium bicarbonate to neutralize chyme
66
Q

What is heartburn?

A

When the acid contents in your stomach an make their way up the esophagus it feels like is burning

67
Q

What prevents gastric juices from damaging your stomach?

A

the mucus lining

68
Q

Where is bile produced?

A

in the liver

69
Q

secretions from the liver enter the. . .

A

duodenum

70
Q

where is glycogen stored?

A

in the liver

71
Q

what are the seven gastric enzymes?

A

1) amylase
2) carbohydrases
3) lipases
4) Proteases
5) Peptides
6) Nucleases
7) Nucleotidases

72
Q

What does amylase do? Examples?

A

digest polysaccharides (salivary amylase)

73
Q

What do carbohydrases do? Examples?

A

digest simple sugars (maltase, lactase, sucrase)

74
Q

What do peptidases do?

A

digest peptides into amino acides

74
Q

What do lipases do? Examples?

A

digest fats (pancreatic lipase)

74
Q

What do proteases do? Examples?

A

digest larger polypeptides (pancreatic proteases)

75
Q

What do nucleases do?

A

digest nucleic acids into nucleotides

76
Q

What do nucleosidases do?

A

Digest nucleotides into bases, sugars, phosphate

77
Q

Are macromolecules absorbed through active or passive transport in the small intestine?

A

Active

78
Q

Where do lipids go after being absorbed into the small intestine?

A

They are absorbed into the lymph system and then eventually into the circulatory.

79
Q

What is the full process of carbohydrate digestion and absorption?

A
  • Starts in the mouth, salivary amylase breaks down the starch
  • Does not continue until chyme enters the stomach as its too acidic
  • Pancreatic amylase in the small intestine completes the digestion of starch into disaccharides
  • Glucose is actively transported into the cells of the intestinal wall to move to the blood stream
  • Excess glucose is converted to glycogen and stored in the liver and mucles
80
Q

What is the full process of protein digestion and absorption?

A
  • Protein digestion starts in the stomach with pepsin that turns it into small polypeptides
  • Then in the small intestine proteases break it down further into peptides
  • Peptidases break the peptides into amino acids
  • The amino acids are then actively transported into the cells of the intestinal wall to move to the blood stream
81
Q

What is the full process of lipid digestion and absorption?

A
  • Lipid digestion starts in the small intestine with bile that breaks it down into droplets
  • Lipase then breaks it down further into Glycerol and fatty acids
  • The glycerol and fatty acids then diffuse into the cells of the intestinal wall where they resynthesize into fats coated with protein
    They they move into the lymph vessels for eventual transport into the bloodstream.
82
Q

What is the full process of nucleic acid digestion and absorption?

A
  • DNA and RNA starts breaking down in the small intestine with Nucleases into nucleotides
  • Then nucleotidases break them into nitrogen containing bases, sugars and phosphate.
  • They are then absorbed in the small intestine by active transport
83
Q

What are the 3 main hormones in the digestive system?

A

1) Gastrin
2) Secretin
3) CCK

84
Q

what does the hormone gastrin do?

A

increases acid production (HCl)

85
Q

What doe the hormone secretin and CCK do?

A

Decreases stomach mobility

86
Q

What stimulates the production of secretin and CCK?

A

Entry of chyme into the duodenum

87
Q

Define “osmosis”

A

movement of water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane.

88
Q

Define “diffusion”

A

Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low.

Bio 20 (10 decks)

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