Photosynthesis/Cellular Respiration/Muscular System Flashcards
1
Q
What is the function of Muscle Tissues?
A
To convert chemical energy into kinetic energy.
2
Q
What type of energy is ATP?
A
Chemical
3
Q
What is Kinetic Energy?
A
Movement
4
Q
Three types of muscles:
A
- Smooth
- Cardiac
- Skeletal
5
Q
Where are cardiac muscles found?
A
In the heart
6
Q
How are contractions/relaxations of the cardiac muscles determined?
A
Through the autonomic nervous system. These contractions/relaxations are involuntary.
7
Q
Where are Smooth Muscles found?
A
In the lining of organs. (ie. stomach esophagus, ureters)
8
Q
How are contractions/relaxations of the smooth muscles determined?
A
Through the autonomic nervous system. These contractions/relaxations are involuntary.
9
Q
What are skeletal muscles attached to?
A
The bones of our skeleton by tendons.
10
Q
How are contractions/relaxations of the skeletal determined?
A
They are under voluntary control.
11
Q
Characterizations of Smooth Muscles:
A
- Non–striated
- One nucleus
- Long and tapered
- Don’t fatigue easily
12
Q
Characterizations of Cardiac Muscles:
A
- Striated
- Tubular
- Branched
- One nucleus
13
Q
Characterizations of Skeletal Muscles:
A
- Striated
- Tubular
- Long
- Many nuclei
14
Q
Function of Skeletal Muscles:
A
- Support body (posture)
- Move bones, eyes and face
- Help maintain temp. (shivering)
- Protect internal organs
- Stabilize Joints
15
Q
What happens to the muscle fibers when they contract?
A
They shorten
16
Q
What happens to the muscle fibers when they relax?
A
They legnthen
17
Q
Can muscles push?
A
No, they can only pull.
18
Q
Define “antagonist pairs”.
A
Muscles work in pairs, as one relaxes, the other contracts to straighten it. (biceps and triceps)
19
Q
What is a Flexor muscle?
A
A muscle that contracts to bend a joint. (elbow)
20
Q
What is an Extensor muscle?
A
A muscle that contracts to extend a joint. (triceps)
21
Q
Hierarchy of Muscle Structure
A
Muscle –> muscle-fibre bundle –> muscle fibre –> myofibrils –> myofilaments
22
Q
Characterization/function of Muscle Fibre:
A
- Single cell muscle
- Responsible for muscle contractions
23
Q
Characterization/function of Myoglobin:
A
- Oxygen binding pigment in muscle fibers
- Stores oxygen for muscle contractions
24
Q
Characterization/function of Sarcolemma:
A
- Membrane of muscle fibers
- Regulates entry/exit of material
25
Characterization/function of Sarcoplasm:
- Cytoplasm of muscle fibre
- Site of metabolic reactions
26
Characterization/function of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum:
- Smooth ER in a muscle fibre
- Stores calcium
27
Characterization/function of Myofibrils:
- Bundles of myofilaments as long as muscle fibres
- Contain myofilaments that are responsible for muscle contractions
28
Types of myofilaments:
Actin and Myosin
29
Characterization of Actin:
- Thin myofilament
- Made of strands of protein (troponin and tropomyosin)
30
Characterization of Myosin:
- Thick myofilament
- Made from bundles of protein
31
Define "The sliding filament theory"
A muscle contracts as a result of its thin actin filaments sliding over its thick myosin filaments. Actin strands work in pairs to pull the Z-line anchor inwards making the muscle contract.
32
Define "Cross bridge"
During a contraction, myosin heads flex and attach to actin strands
33
What is required to release each myosin head so it can bind further along the actin strand?
1 ATP molecule
34
What is the purpose of Calcium Ions?
Calcium binds with troponin to move tropomyosin out of the way to begin a contraction.
35
What does Tropomyosin do?
It acts like a bouncer– doesn't allow actin and myosin to touch
36
Where is calcium stored?
In the sarcoplasmic reticulum
37
How is calcium released?
When a nerve impulse stimulated the muscle fibers to contract
38
Is calcium released through active or passive transport?
Passive
39
Through active or passive transport is calcium returned to the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
Active
40
Where is the site of cellular respiration?
The mitochandria
41
Where is ATP stored?
The muscles
42
How long does ATP last?
Only a few seconds before it runs out
43
What 3 ways is ATP made?
- Breakdown of creatine phosphate
- Aerobic cellular respiration
- Anaerobic cellular respiration
44
How does the breakdown of Creatine Phosphate release energy?
When muscles are at rest, creatine phosphate levels build, and when the bonds are broken energy is released.
45
What is oxygen deficit?
When muscles use fermentation to supply its energy needs because there is no oxygen.
46
Three periods of muscle twitch:
1. Latent period
2. Contraction period
3. Relaxation period
47
Define "muscle twitch"
A singular muscle contraction that lasts a fraction of a second. Once a muscle reaches a certain threshold from the electrodes (artificial stimulation), it will contract then relax.
48
What is the Latent Period?
Time between stimulation and start of contraction
49
What is the Contraction Period?
When the muscle shortens
50
What is the Relaxation Period?
When the muscle returns to normal length
51
Define "Tetanus"
Fusion of contractions to produce a continuous one
52
Characterizations of slow twitch muscles?
- Slower contractions
- Resist fatigue
- Use oxygen
- Have many mitochondria
- Good for long lasting activities (biking, jogging, etc.)
53
Characterizations of fast twitch muscles?
- Needed when you need fast enegry
- Tired faster
- Anaerobic (Leads to lactic build up)
- Good for short lasting activities (sprinting, lifting weights, etc.)
54
Are some fibers in your body always contracting?
Yes because otherwise our body would collapse.
55
Define "Atrophy"
the reduction in size, tone and power of a muscle due to reduced stimulation
56
Is atrophy reversible?
If caught early it can be reversible, but if the dying/dead muscle fibers are not replaced it will be permanent.
57
Define "Muscular Hypertrophy"
Refers to an increase in muscle mass due to exercise.
58
What happens if you exercise regulary?
- Increase # of mitochondria
- Increased # and activity of enzymes
- Increases blood flow
- Allows muscle to store more glycogen
59
What are Autotrophs?
They create their own food by capturing light energy from the sun (photosynthesis)
60
What are Heterophs?
They can not create their own food and get energy from eating autotrophs and other heterotrophs.
60
What is the photosynthesis equation?
6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) + light energy –> 6O2(g) + C6H12O6(s)
61
What is the Cellular Respiration equation?
C6H12O6 + 6O2(g) –> 6CO2 + 6H2O(l) + ATP
62
What is the function of cellular respiration?
The process by which cells break down high-enegry compounds and generate ATP for the cell.
63
What is ATP made up of?
3 phosphate molecules, adenosine (sugar) and nitrogenous base.
64
What does ATP do?
- Active transport of ions and molecules across cell membrane
- moving chromosomes during cell division
- Causing cilia and flagella to move
- Synthesize macromolecules (carbohydrates, proteins, fats, nucleic acids)
65
Where does the energy from ATP come from?
The bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups in the ATP. When the bond breaks the energy is released.
66
What form after ATP breaks?
ADP forms along with a phosphate group (ADP + P) and then ATP is regenerated from the additional phosphate group.
67
What happens in anabolic pathways?
synthesize (makes) larger molecules and require energy (photosynthesis)
68
What happens in the catabolic pathway?
breaks down larger molecules and releases energy (cellular respiration)
68
Define "redox-reactions"
Reactions involving electron transfers
69
Why must redox reactions occur together?
Because electrons can not exist on their own.
70
LEO the lion says GER
Lose electrons = Oxidized
Gain electrons = Reducted
71
Define "Aerobic"
In the presence/with oxygen
72
Define "Anaerobic"
Lack of/without presence of oxygen
73
What is the difference between respiration and cellular respiration?
Respiration supplies O2 and gets rid of CO2 where as cellular respiration uses O2 and produces CO2
74
What are the characteristics of mitochondria?
- Round
- Jelly bean shaped
- Double membrane
75
Where are mitochondria found?
scattered throughout a eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm
76
What do mitochondria specialize in?
Producing large amounts of ATP molecules
77
Structure of a mitochondria:
- Outer membrane: Smooth, regulates transport of waste in an out
- Inner membrane: highly folded (cristate) that increase the surface area, includes the matrix and intermembrane space.
78
What is the mitochondrial matrix?
protein rich fluid that fills the interior space of the mitochondrion
79
What is the intermembrane space?
Fluid filled space between the inner and outer membranes.
80
Where does Aerobic respiration begin and end?
It begins in the cytoplasm and ends in the mitochondria.
81
How much ATP is produced in Aerobic respiration?
36 ATP
82
Where does anaerobic respiration occur?
In the cytoplasm
83
How much ATP is produced in Anaerobic respiration
2 ATP
84
Steps of Aerobic respiration:
1. Glycolysis
2. Krebs cycle prep.
3. Krebs Cycle
4. Electron transport chain
85
Steps of Anaerobic respiration:
1. Glycolysis
2. Fermentation
86
Types of Fermentation:
1. Lactate fermentation
2. Alcohol (ethanol) fermentation
87
Does NAD+ accept or give electrons?
It accepts electrons to form NADH
88
Describe the function of NAD+
Little taxi cabs - carries electrons and hydrogen ions
89
Is glycolysis aerobic or anarobic?
anaerobic
90
Where does glycolysis take place?
In the cytoplasm
91
What happens to glucose in glycolysis?
The 6-C molecule splits into two pyruvate molecules (3-C)
92
How many ATP are generated in glycolysis?
2
93
What happen to pyruvate when oxygen is available?
Pyruvate enters the matrix of the mitochondria and a series of reactions yield CO2 and acytl-CoA, and then NAD+ is reduced to NADH. CO2 is released.
94
What is FAD?
A coenzyme that functions as a carrier of electrons and hydrogen ions.
95
What is FADH2?
The reduced form of FAD that can act as an Electron donor.
96
Where does the Krebs cycle take place?
The mitochondrial matrix
97
What happens to CoA in the Krebs cycle?
It gets processed producing 4 major products:
1. ATP
2. CO2
3. FADH2
4. NADH
98
How many ATP is produced in the Krebs cycle?
2
99
How many turns of the Krebs cycle does one glucose molecule produce?
2
100
How many ATP is produced in the Electron transport chain?
32
101
What happens to FADH2 and NADH in the Electron transport chain?
They donate their electrons to electron carriers in the ETC found in the cristate.
102
In the ETC, what happens as electrons are passed from one carrier to the next?
The energy released is used to pump hydrogen ions across the mitochondrial inner membrane and into the intermembrane space creating a concentration gradient.
103
Define "oxidative phosphorylation"
A metabolic pathway that uses energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to produce ATP.
104
Define "Chemiosmosis"
The movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient.
105
How is ATP produced in the ECT?
ATP is produced when NADH and FADH2 release hydrogen atoms regenerating NAD+ and FAD which go back to the krebs cycle.
106
Where is ATP synthase located?
The inner mitochondrial membrane.
107
How does ATP synthase make ATP?
The synthase makes ATP from ADP as protons move down their concentration gradient into the mitochondrial matrix.
108
Which part of aerobic respiration produces a byproduct of CO2?
The krebs cycle
109
Which part of aerobic respiration produces a byproduct of H2O?
The electron transport chain
110
What is the role of oxygen in the ETC?
It is the final accepter of electrons. Oxygen allows additional electrons to pass along the chain allowing ATP to continue to be made.
111
How is H2O made in the ETC?
Oxygen accepts protons that were once a part of NADH and FADH2 and by combining protons and electrons, oxygen forms water.
112
What final electron accepter do organisms use in anaerobic respiration?
They use inorganic chemicals.
113
Why can't the krebs cycle and the ETC happen in anaerobic respiration?
because there is no oxygen.
114
Which is more efficient in producing ATP, aerobic or anaerobic respiration?
Aerobic
115
What happens during lactate fermentation?
Pyruvate created in glycolysis is converted in to lactic acid.
116
How can lactic acid be converted back to pyruvate?
When oxygen is present again the lactic acid will convert back to pyruvate and it can then enter the krebs cycle.
117
What does lactic acid do?
It provides muscles with the energy it needs when oxygen is unavailable but can lead to fatigue, cramps and soreness.
118
What happens in Ethanol fermentation?
Pyruvate is converted into ethanol and CO2
119
What does photosynthesis do?
Converts light energy into chemical energy.
120
What are the reactants in photosynthesis?
H2O and CO2
121
What are the products of photosynthesis?
O2 and glucose (C6H12O6)
122
What are the two parts of a photosynthesis reaction?
1. light dependant reaction
2. Light independent (calvins cycle)
