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Photosynthesis/Cellular Respiration/Muscular System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of Muscle Tissues?

A

To convert chemical energy into kinetic energy.

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2
Q

What type of energy is ATP?

A

Chemical

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3
Q

What is Kinetic Energy?

A

Movement

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4
Q

Three types of muscles:

A
  • Smooth
  • Cardiac
  • Skeletal
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5
Q

Where are cardiac muscles found?

A

In the heart

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6
Q

How are contractions/relaxations of the cardiac muscles determined?

A

Through the autonomic nervous system. These contractions/relaxations are involuntary.

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7
Q

Where are Smooth Muscles found?

A

In the lining of organs. (ie. stomach esophagus, ureters)

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8
Q

How are contractions/relaxations of the smooth muscles determined?

A

Through the autonomic nervous system. These contractions/relaxations are involuntary.

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9
Q

What are skeletal muscles attached to?

A

The bones of our skeleton by tendons.

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10
Q

How are contractions/relaxations of the skeletal determined?

A

They are under voluntary control.

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11
Q

Characterizations of Smooth Muscles:

A
  • Non–striated
  • One nucleus
  • Long and tapered
  • Don’t fatigue easily
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12
Q

Characterizations of Cardiac Muscles:

A
  • Striated
  • Tubular
  • Branched
  • One nucleus
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13
Q

Characterizations of Skeletal Muscles:

A
  • Striated
  • Tubular
  • Long
  • Many nuclei
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14
Q

Function of Skeletal Muscles:

A
  • Support body (posture)
  • Move bones, eyes and face
  • Help maintain temp. (shivering)
  • Protect internal organs
  • Stabilize Joints
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15
Q

What happens to the muscle fibers when they contract?

A

They shorten

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16
Q

What happens to the muscle fibers when they relax?

A

They legnthen

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17
Q

Can muscles push?

A

No, they can only pull.

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18
Q

Define “antagonist pairs”.

A

Muscles work in pairs, as one relaxes, the other contracts to straighten it. (biceps and triceps)

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19
Q

What is a Flexor muscle?

A

A muscle that contracts to bend a joint. (elbow)

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20
Q

What is an Extensor muscle?

A

A muscle that contracts to extend a joint. (triceps)

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21
Q

Hierarchy of Muscle Structure

A

Muscle –> muscle-fibre bundle –> muscle fibre –> myofibrils –> myofilaments

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22
Q

Characterization/function of Muscle Fibre:

A
  • Single cell muscle
  • Responsible for muscle contractions
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23
Q

Characterization/function of Myoglobin:

A
  • Oxygen binding pigment in muscle fibers
  • Stores oxygen for muscle contractions
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24
Q

Characterization/function of Sarcolemma:

A
  • Membrane of muscle fibers
  • Regulates entry/exit of material
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25
Q

Characterization/function of Sarcoplasm:

A
  • Cytoplasm of muscle fibre
  • Site of metabolic reactions
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26
Q

Characterization/function of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum:

A
  • Smooth ER in a muscle fibre
  • Stores calcium
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27
Q

Characterization/function of Myofibrils:

A
  • Bundles of myofilaments as long as muscle fibres
  • Contain myofilaments that are responsible for muscle contractions
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28
Q

Types of myofilaments:

A

Actin and Myosin

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29
Q

Characterization of Actin:

A
  • Thin myofilament
  • Made of strands of protein (troponin and tropomyosin)
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30
Q

Characterization of Myosin:

A
  • Thick myofilament
  • Made from bundles of protein
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31
Q

Define “The sliding filament theory”

A

A muscle contracts as a result of its thin actin filaments sliding over its thick myosin filaments. Actin strands work in pairs to pull the Z-line anchor inwards making the muscle contract.

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32
Q

Define “Cross bridge”

A

During a contraction, myosin heads flex and attach to actin strands

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33
Q

What is required to release each myosin head so it can bind further along the actin strand?

A

1 ATP molecule

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34
Q

What is the purpose of Calcium Ions?

A

Calcium binds with troponin to move tropomyosin out of the way to begin a contraction.

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35
Q

What does Tropomyosin do?

A

It acts like a bouncer– doesn’t allow actin and myosin to touch

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36
Q

Where is calcium stored?

A

In the sarcoplasmic reticulum

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37
Q

How is calcium released?

A

When a nerve impulse stimulated the muscle fibers to contract

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38
Q

Is calcium released through active or passive transport?

A

Passive

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39
Q

Through active or passive transport is calcium returned to the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

Active

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40
Q

Where is the site of cellular respiration?

A

The mitochandria

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41
Q

Where is ATP stored?

A

The muscles

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42
Q

How long does ATP last?

A

Only a few seconds before it runs out

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43
Q

What 3 ways is ATP made?

A
  • Breakdown of creatine phosphate
  • Aerobic cellular respiration
  • Anaerobic cellular respiration
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44
Q

How does the breakdown of Creatine Phosphate release energy?

A

When muscles are at rest, creatine phosphate levels build, and when the bonds are broken energy is released.

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45
Q

What is oxygen deficit?

A

When muscles use fermentation to supply its energy needs because there is no oxygen.

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46
Q

Three periods of muscle twitch:

A
  1. Latent period
  2. Contraction period
  3. Relaxation period
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47
Q

Define “muscle twitch”

A

A singular muscle contraction that lasts a fraction of a second. Once a muscle reaches a certain threshold from the electrodes (artificial stimulation), it will contract then relax.

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48
Q

What is the Latent Period?

A

Time between stimulation and start of contraction

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49
Q

What is the Contraction Period?

A

When the muscle shortens

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50
Q

What is the Relaxation Period?

A

When the muscle returns to normal length

51
Q

Define “Tetanus”

A

Fusion of contractions to produce a continuous one

52
Q

Characterizations of slow twitch muscles?

A
  • Slower contractions
  • Resist fatigue
  • Use oxygen
  • Have many mitochondria
  • Good for long lasting activities (biking, jogging, etc.)
53
Q

Characterizations of fast twitch muscles?

A
  • Needed when you need fast enegry
  • Tired faster
  • Anaerobic (Leads to lactic build up)
  • Good for short lasting activities (sprinting, lifting weights, etc.)
54
Q

Are some fibers in your body always contracting?

A

Yes because otherwise our body would collapse.

55
Q

Define “Atrophy”

A

the reduction in size, tone and power of a muscle due to reduced stimulation

56
Q

Is atrophy reversible?

A

If caught early it can be reversible, but if the dying/dead muscle fibers are not replaced it will be permanent.

57
Q

Define “Muscular Hypertrophy”

A

Refers to an increase in muscle mass due to exercise.

58
Q

What happens if you exercise regulary?

A
  • Increase # of mitochondria
  • Increased # and activity of enzymes
  • Increases blood flow
  • Allows muscle to store more glycogen
59
Q

What are Autotrophs?

A

They create their own food by capturing light energy from the sun (photosynthesis)

60
Q

What are Heterophs?

A

They can not create their own food and get energy from eating autotrophs and other heterotrophs.

60
Q

What is the photosynthesis equation?

A

6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) + light energy –> 6O2(g) + C6H12O6(s)

61
Q

What is the Cellular Respiration equation?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2(g) –> 6CO2 + 6H2O(l) + ATP

62
Q

What is the function of cellular respiration?

A

The process by which cells break down high-enegry compounds and generate ATP for the cell.

63
Q

What is ATP made up of?

A

3 phosphate molecules, adenosine (sugar) and nitrogenous base.

64
Q

What does ATP do?

A
  • Active transport of ions and molecules across cell membrane
  • moving chromosomes during cell division
  • Causing cilia and flagella to move
  • Synthesize macromolecules (carbohydrates, proteins, fats, nucleic acids)
65
Q

Where does the energy from ATP come from?

A

The bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups in the ATP. When the bond breaks the energy is released.

66
Q

What form after ATP breaks?

A

ADP forms along with a phosphate group (ADP + P) and then ATP is regenerated from the additional phosphate group.

67
Q

What happens in anabolic pathways?

A

synthesize (makes) larger molecules and require energy (photosynthesis)

68
Q

What happens in the catabolic pathway?

A

breaks down larger molecules and releases energy (cellular respiration)

68
Q

Define “redox-reactions”

A

Reactions involving electron transfers

69
Q

Why must redox reactions occur together?

A

Because electrons can not exist on their own.

70
Q

LEO the lion says GER

A

Lose electrons = Oxidized
Gain electrons = Reducted

71
Q

Define “Aerobic”

A

In the presence/with oxygen

72
Q

Define “Anaerobic”

A

Lack of/without presence of oxygen

73
Q

What is the difference between respiration and cellular respiration?

A

Respiration supplies O2 and gets rid of CO2 where as cellular respiration uses O2 and produces CO2

74
Q

What are the characteristics of mitochondria?

A
  • Round
  • Jelly bean shaped
  • Double membrane
75
Q

Where are mitochondria found?

A

scattered throughout a eukaryotic cell’s cytoplasm

76
Q

What do mitochondria specialize in?

A

Producing large amounts of ATP molecules

77
Q

Structure of a mitochondria:

A
  • Outer membrane: Smooth, regulates transport of waste in an out
  • Inner membrane: highly folded (cristate) that increase the surface area, includes the matrix and intermembrane space.
78
Q

What is the mitochondrial matrix?

A

protein rich fluid that fills the interior space of the mitochondrion

79
Q

What is the intermembrane space?

A

Fluid filled space between the inner and outer membranes.

80
Q

Where does Aerobic respiration begin and end?

A

It begins in the cytoplasm and ends in the mitochondria.

81
Q

How much ATP is produced in Aerobic respiration?

A

36 ATP

82
Q

Where does anaerobic respiration occur?

A

In the cytoplasm

83
Q

How much ATP is produced in Anaerobic respiration

A

2 ATP

84
Q

Steps of Aerobic respiration:

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Krebs cycle prep.
  3. Krebs Cycle
  4. Electron transport chain
85
Q

Steps of Anaerobic respiration:

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Fermentation
86
Q

Types of Fermentation:

A
  1. Lactate fermentation
  2. Alcohol (ethanol) fermentation
87
Q

Does NAD+ accept or give electrons?

A

It accepts electrons to form NADH

88
Q

Describe the function of NAD+

A

Little taxi cabs - carries electrons and hydrogen ions

89
Q

Is glycolysis aerobic or anarobic?

A

anaerobic

90
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

In the cytoplasm

91
Q

What happens to glucose in glycolysis?

A

The 6-C molecule splits into two pyruvate molecules (3-C)

92
Q

How many ATP are generated in glycolysis?

A

2

93
Q

What happen to pyruvate when oxygen is available?

A

Pyruvate enters the matrix of the mitochondria and a series of reactions yield CO2 and acytl-CoA, and then NAD+ is reduced to NADH. CO2 is released.

94
Q

What is FAD?

A

A coenzyme that functions as a carrier of electrons and hydrogen ions.

95
Q

What is FADH2?

A

The reduced form of FAD that can act as an Electron donor.

96
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

A

The mitochondrial matrix

97
Q

What happens to CoA in the Krebs cycle?

A

It gets processed producing 4 major products:
1. ATP
2. CO2
3. FADH2
4. NADH

98
Q

How many ATP is produced in the Krebs cycle?

A

2

99
Q

How many turns of the Krebs cycle does one glucose molecule produce?

A

2

100
Q

How many ATP is produced in the Electron transport chain?

A

32

101
Q

What happens to FADH2 and NADH in the Electron transport chain?

A

They donate their electrons to electron carriers in the ETC found in the cristate.

102
Q

In the ETC, what happens as electrons are passed from one carrier to the next?

A

The energy released is used to pump hydrogen ions across the mitochondrial inner membrane and into the intermembrane space creating a concentration gradient.

103
Q

Define “oxidative phosphorylation”

A

A metabolic pathway that uses energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to produce ATP.

104
Q

Define “Chemiosmosis”

A

The movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient.

105
Q

How is ATP produced in the ECT?

A

ATP is produced when NADH and FADH2 release hydrogen atoms regenerating NAD+ and FAD which go back to the krebs cycle.

106
Q

Where is ATP synthase located?

A

The inner mitochondrial membrane.

107
Q

How does ATP synthase make ATP?

A

The synthase makes ATP from ADP as protons move down their concentration gradient into the mitochondrial matrix.

108
Q

Which part of aerobic respiration produces a byproduct of CO2?

A

The krebs cycle

109
Q

Which part of aerobic respiration produces a byproduct of H2O?

A

The electron transport chain

110
Q

What is the role of oxygen in the ETC?

A

It is the final accepter of electrons. Oxygen allows additional electrons to pass along the chain allowing ATP to continue to be made.

111
Q

How is H2O made in the ETC?

A

Oxygen accepts protons that were once a part of NADH and FADH2 and by combining protons and electrons, oxygen forms water.

112
Q

What final electron accepter do organisms use in anaerobic respiration?

A

They use inorganic chemicals.

113
Q

Why can’t the krebs cycle and the ETC happen in anaerobic respiration?

A

because there is no oxygen.

114
Q

Which is more efficient in producing ATP, aerobic or anaerobic respiration?

A

Aerobic

115
Q

What happens during lactate fermentation?

A

Pyruvate created in glycolysis is converted in to lactic acid.

116
Q

How can lactic acid be converted back to pyruvate?

A

When oxygen is present again the lactic acid will convert back to pyruvate and it can then enter the krebs cycle.

117
Q

What does lactic acid do?

A

It provides muscles with the energy it needs when oxygen is unavailable but can lead to fatigue, cramps and soreness.

118
Q

What happens in Ethanol fermentation?

A

Pyruvate is converted into ethanol and CO2

119
Q

What does photosynthesis do?

A

Converts light energy into chemical energy.

120
Q

What are the reactants in photosynthesis?

A

H2O and CO2

121
Q

What are the products of photosynthesis?

A

O2 and glucose (C6H12O6)

122
Q

What are the two parts of a photosynthesis reaction?

A
  1. light dependant reaction
  2. Light independent (calvins cycle)

Bio 20 (10 decks)

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