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AP0408 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system?

A

To aid:
Breathing
Filtration of air
Speaking

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2
Q

List the components of the upper respiratory tract

A

Nose
Nasal cavity
Sinuses
Pharynx (throat)

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3
Q

What is the purpose of the upper respiratory tract

A

Filters, warms and humidifies air
Site of ventilation and and entrance point for air

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4
Q

List the components of the lower respiratory tract

A

Larynx
Trachea
Bronchial tree
Lungs

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5
Q

What is the main function of the lower respiratory tract?

A

Gas exchange

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6
Q

Describe the nose and nasal cavity

A

Nasal cavity= hollow space behind the nose, between the hard palate and cribiform plates
Separated by the nasal septum
Lined with mucus membrane
Mucus warms, moistens and filters air

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7
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A

Air-filled spaces in the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid bones of the skull
Reduce wight of the skull and serve as voice resonant chambers

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8
Q

Describe the pharynx

A

Posterior to oral cavity and is between the nasal cavity and larynx
Comprised of 3 components:
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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9
Q

Describe the larynx

A

Enlargement in the airway superior to the tracesa and inferior to the pharynx
Composed of 3 single and 3 paired cartilages: Thyroid, cricoid and epiglottic
Paired- Arytenoid, corniculate and Cuneiform

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10
Q

What happens at the larynx during swallowing?

A

Larynx elevates, causing the epiglottis to move down and form a lid over the glottis closing it off

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11
Q

What is the glottis?

A

A pair of folds of mucous membrane called true vocal cords= Principle structure of voice production
Space between is called rima glottidis

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12
Q

Outline voice production

A

Contracting and relating of laryngeal muscles attatched to the vocal folds varies tension in the vocal folds
Air passing through the larynx vibrates against the folds to produce sound

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13
Q

What is the trachea?

A

Flexible cylindrical tube
Splits into right and left primary bronchi as it extends down to the oesophagus
Lined with ciliates mucous membrane
C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage keeps trachea open

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14
Q

What is the bronchial tree?

A

Branched airways from trachea to microscopic air sacs in the lungs

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15
Q

List the order oof the bronchial tree

A

Trachea
Main bronchi
Lobar bronchi
Segmental bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles

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16
Q

List the components oft he conducting zone

A

Trachea
Main bronchi
Lobar & segmental bronchi
Bronchioles and terminal bronchioles

17
Q

List the components of the respiratory zone

A

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs

18
Q

List and describe the 5 stages of the development of the lungs?

A

Embryonic- formation of major airways and pleura
Psuedoglandular- bronchial tree formed
Canalicular- branching and distal airways complete, first air-blood barrier
Saccular- expansion of air spaces
Alveolar- alveolarization and microvascular maturation

19
Q

Describe the alveoli

A

Sites of the vital process gas exchange between air and blood
Two types of cells found:
Type I: simple squamous epithelium
Type II: special cels that secrete surfactant

20
Q

Describe gas exchange

A

Occurs through respiratory membrane
Gases diffuse from an area of higher partial pressure to areas of lower partial pressure

21
Q

Describe oxygen transport

A

Carried in the blood- 98% bound to haemoglobin, 2% dissolved in blood plasma
Loosely binds to Iron in heme unit of each 4polypetide chain in haemoglobin
Released O2 moves from blood- tissues
75% of blood remains bound to heamoglobin in venous blood ensuring safe CO2 levels and thereby pH

22
Q

Describe CO2 transport

A

When tissues have a high pCO2 it moves into the blood
CO2 moved into lungs in 3 ways:
1-Dissolved in plasma
2- Part of a compound with haemoglobin
3- Part of a bicarbonate ion- MOSTLY this way

23
Q

Describe the lungs

A

Soft spongy cone-shaped organ in the thoracic cavity
Separated by mediastinum
Right has 3 lobes and left has 2
Surrounded by visceral and parietal pleura

24
Q

Define Boyle’s Law

A

The volume of gas varies inversely with its pressure

25
Q

Describe inspiration

A

Diaphragm contracts, causing it flatten
Innerverted by the phrenic nerve
Superior-inferior diameter of he thorax
Intercostal muscles contract, moving the ribs and sternum upwards

26
Q

Describe expiration

A

Resting- Elastic recoil of the lungs, surface tension in the alveoli
Active- internal intercostals and abdominal muscles contract to force air out of the lungs

27
Q

Define tidal volume

A

Volume of one breath
Usually aprox 500ml

28
Q

Define inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

Additional air inhaled when taking a deep breath

29
Q

Define expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

Extra air forced out of the lungs when shaking with force in addition to 500ml tidal volume

30
Q

Define residual volume

A

Volume of air that cannot be measured, that remains in the lungs after ER is exhaled

31
Q

How is breathing controlled?

A

By a group of neurons in the brain stem called the respiratory areas
Split into the Medullary respiratory centre and Pontine respiratory group

32
Q

List the factors that affect respiration

A

Partial pressure of O2
Partial pressure of CO2
Degree of stretch of lung tissue
Emotional state
Level of physical activity

33
Q

What receptors are involved in respiration?

A

Mechanoreceptors
Central and peripheral chemoreceptors

34
Q

What is the diving reflex?

A

Protective, physiologic reaction that occurs in mammals in response to water submission

35
Q

In terms of the diving reflex, what happens if a persons face is submerged in cold water?

A

Centres are activated in the medulla oblongata: Nucleus tractors solitarius (NTS), respiratory, Rostral ventrolateral medulla, IML and nucleuses ambiguous
Parasympathetic system: Heart rate and cardiac output is decreased
Sympathetic system is activated: increased total peripheral resistance (inc vasoconstrcition)

36
Q

What are the key affects of apnea of the diving reflex?

A

Vasoconstriction of blood vessels
Cardiac parasympathetic centre is stimulated, leading to bradycardia

AP0408 (8 decks)

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