Reproductive System Flashcards
(35 cards)
What are the male reproductive hormones?
FSH
LH
Testosterone
What are the gonodrophic hormones?
FSH and LH
Consist of 2 polypeptide chains, alpha and beta
Give the physiological actions of testosterone?
In foetus:
Development of male gonads,
development of wolfian duct into vas deferens, development of penis, descent of testes
Masculinisation of brain
At puberty:
male pattern of body hair legs, chest
growth factor effects lead to bone development and muscle formation (enhanced protein synthesis)
acne
In adulthood:
Spermatogenesis
Sex drive (interaction with hypothalamic cells)
Maintains Reproductive structure/function
Maintains anabolic effects on bone/muscle
What is the main function of FSH in males?
Stimulate synthesis of products required for spermatogenesis
Outline the process of spermatogenesis
At puberty spermatogonia divide (mitosis)
Spermatocytes then undergo Meiosis
Yields Spermatozoa (Haploid Stages of number of unduplicated Sperm chromosomes) maturation
Spermiogenesis – reduction of cytoplasm and tail piece differentiation
Transport and further maturation
Storage in cauda of epididymus and ampulla of vas deferens
Give an overview of the formation of ejaculate
60% of semen volume produced at the seminal vesicles
10% of semen volume at the epididymus
30% of semen volume at the prostate
Outline the process of erection and ejacualtion
Erection:
Engorgement of penis with blood for vaginal penetration
Cholinergic reflex
ACH also leads to enhanced release of NO which dilates penile arterioles
Alters calcium signalling
Ejaculation:
Emission
SNS contraction of prostatic, reproductive duct and vas deferens smooth muscle
Propels sperm into urethra
List the female reproductive hormones
FSH
LH
Oestrogen
Progestin
Activism/ inhibits
Give some potential, genetic and nutritional factors that could induce the menstrual cycle
Potential- Inc GnRH
Plasticity leads to LH surge, marks initiation 1st menstrual cycle
Genetic- similiar in mother and daughter
Nutrition- improved nutrition in developed countries leads to earlier menarche
Give the different phase sf the menstrual cycle
Days 0-14: Oestrogen production predominates
Day 14= Ovulation
Days 14-28: Luteal phase- progesterone is elevated
Describe the menstrual phase
Breakdown of corpus luteum decreased progesterone Endometrium shed (period) -4 days with 30 mls blood loss
Describe the proliferate phase
Increased estrogen levels as follicle develops Proliferation of epithelial (secretory) and stromal (connective tissue)
Describe the secretory phase
Corpus luteal cells increase progesterone production Maturation of endometrium and increased secretion for implantation
What is the minimum function of FSH in females?
Stimulate synthesis of enzymes to produce estrogenns in both follicular and leutal phase
What is aromatase?
Enzyme that converts testosterone to estradiol
Converts androstenedione to store then estradiol
Give 5 physiological effects of oestrogens
- Smooth muscle – uterine, enhances effects of oxytocin
- Breast tissue – proliferation (excess linked to cancer)
- Stimulated thickening of vaginal epithelium (secretions)
- Regeneration and proliferation of endometrium 5.Increased oviduct ciliated cells - movement of ovum
What changes does oestrogen induce during puberty?
Breast development
Female distribution of adipose tissue
Inc organ size
Rapid epihyseal fusion
What are the physiological effects of progestins?
Fallopian tube – increased ciliary movement Endometrium – secretory activity
Cervix – decreased mucus and increased viscosity – sperm retention
Smooth muscle: decreases contractility (uterine) Decreases sodium reabsorption through actions at aldosterone receptor
How s progesterone involved in ovulation?
Enhances LH surge and inhibits estrogen which causes:
Stimulates college age in the follicular wall, which forms a stigma
Prostaglandins to increase blood flow, which causes follicular swelling
Outline the 4 stages of the female sex response
- Excitement – psychological factors, sight, tactile stimuli
- Plateau – culmination of vasocongestion throughout body
- Orgasm (hopefully) – myotonic response (sympathetically mediated)
- Resolution – feelings of satisfaction – no refractory phase (male)
What are the physical effects of menopause?
Atrophy of vaginal epithelia – decreased secretion and pH changes
Vaginal dryness – Female sexual dysfunction Osteoporosis
Cardiovascular disease (loss of protection)
Hirsuitism (change in androgen/estrogen ration) Hotflush (GnRH, hypothalamic thermoregulation)
Give the 4 cognitive effects of menopause
Moodswings
Short-term memory loss
Headaches
Loss of Libido
Oultine the development of the placenta up to 8 weeks
Multinucleate mass forms the primary connections of maternal blood supply
HCG is secreted into the villus
Secretion of progesterone an estrogens is maintained from corpus luterum
Outline the role of the placenta
Gaseous exchange
Act barrier to prevent transmission of harmful molecules from mother to foetus
