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AP0408 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

List the major endocrine organs

A

Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Thymus
Thyroid gland
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Ovary/ Testes

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2
Q

Describe endocrine signalling

A

Relatively slow
Long distance signalling
Unspecific- any cell expressing receptor is excited

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3
Q

Describe paracrine signalling

A

Local signalling
Fundamental to synapic transmission

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4
Q

Describe autocrine signalling

A

Cells influence their own activity- released signalling molecule acts on same cell that releases it
Involved in infection immunity

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5
Q

Describe neuroscience signalling

A

Hypothalamus projects hormones to pituitary
Once acted on pituatary gland, they are released into blood stream and transported to the rest of the body

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6
Q

List the places in the body that peptide hormones are synthesised

A

Anterior pitatary
Pancreas
Heart
Adipose tissue

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7
Q

Describe the synthesis of peptide hormones

A

Messenger RNA is triggered which promoted transcription and production of peptide hormones

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8
Q

What do parathyroid hormones do?

A

Regulate calcium levels to promote bone remodelling

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9
Q

List the amine hormones

A
  1. Thyroxine
  2. Thyrosine
  3. Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
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10
Q

What are steroid hormones?

A

Synthesised from cholesterol, therefore they are lipid soluble
Receptors located intracellularly

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11
Q

Outline the metabolism of hormone

A

Hormones circulate either bound to a carrier protein or ‘free’
Free hormone concentration dictates availability
Bound hormone increases half life
Free hormone concentration dictates physiological response
Kidney/Liver primary sites of hormone catabolism
Target cell also breaks down hormone

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12
Q

List the factors that influence the release of growth hormone

A

Growth hormone releasing factor
Gherlin
Hypoglycaemia
Starvation
Dec blood fatty acids

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13
Q

List the factors that inhibit growth hormone release

A

Hyperglycaemia
High levels of fatty acids

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14
Q

Outline the mechanism of action of growth hormone

A
  1. Growth hormone binds to growth hormone receptor called JAK2
  2. This triggers signal transducer ad activator of transcription (STAT)
  3. STAT complexes translocate the nucleus of a cell
  4. This includes gene transcription
  5. Synthesis of insulin- like growth factors are triggered
  6. Long- term physiological response is modulated
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15
Q

What are the targets and acute effect of growth hormone

A

Muscle- dec glucose uptake
Fat- inc lipolysis
Liver- inc gluconeogenesis
AKA- Anti-insulin effects

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16
Q

How is growth hormone switched off?

A

Through negative feedback mechanism

17
Q

How does thyroid stimulating hormone work?

A
  1. Low levels of through hormones in blood/ low stability rate stimulate the release of TRH
  2. TRH i carried to anterior pituitary,which stimulates the release of TSH
  3. TSH stimulates thyroid follicular cells
  4. Thyroid hormones released into blood by follicular cells
  5. Elevated level of thyroid hormones inhibits release of TRH (-ve feedback)
18
Q

What is the effect of thyroid hormones on their target cells?

A

Triggers transcription factor in nucleus and TH receptor in mitochondria
Protein synthesis makes structural proteins/ enzymes which triggers the target cell response
The mitochondria elevate ATP production which also causes a target cell response

19
Q

Give 3 physiological outcomes of thyroid hormones

A

Inc basal metabolic rate
Stimulate synthesis of Na+/ K+ ATPase
Stimulate protein synthesis

20
Q

Outline the hypothalamic response to prolonged forms of stress

A

Hypothalamus responds to the stress by sending signals to the anterior pituitary gland
End result= cortisol released from adrenal cortex (outer region of adrenal gland)

21
Q

What are the physiological effects cortisol release?

A

Liver- Promotes gluconeogenesis
Skeletal muscle- Inhibits glucose uptake, promotes proteolysis of muscle proteins, AA production used by liver for gluconeogenesis
Adipose tissue- Inhibits glucose uptake, promotes lipolysis, FFA’s used by liver for gluconeogenesis
Parturition- Elevated levels just prior to birth enhance oxytocin synthesis and prostaglandin production promote uterine contraction
Anti-inflammatory and Immunosuppressive effects

22
Q

What is Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Obesity and weight gain
Resulting from excessive cortisol production
Caused by tumours of adrenal/ pituitary gland

23
Q

Summarise the effect of adrenaline/ noradrenaline

A

Increased Field of Vision and mental alertness Increased use of energy by cells
Mobilisation of glycogen and lipid reserves Redistribution of blood flow
Reduced digestion and urine production
Increased heart rate and respiration
Increased sweat gland secretion

24
Q

When is the release of insulin stimulated?

A

Inc of blood glucose
Inc of amino acid levels
Inc hormone level (gastrin, secretin and CCK)

25
Q

When is the release of insulin inhibited?

A

Sympathetic stimulation
Circulating hormones (adrenaline and cortisol)
Somatostatin (pancreatic islets)

26
Q

What is melatonin?

A

Hormone produced by pineal gland

27
Q

Outline the process of melatonin release in relation to sleep/ wake cycles

A
  1. Decrease in light detected by melanoma ion in retinal ganglion of eye
  2. This relayed to the hypothalamus
  3. Pineal gland releases melatonin into the blood streamwhich is detected by superior cervical ganglion
  4. This is relayed to IML of spinal cord
  5. The melatonin then is relayed back to the hypothalamus
28
Q

What relation does melatonin have to seasonal affective disorder?

A

Hypothesis that SAD cardiac rhythms are delayed relative to sleep/ wake cycles
SAD is treated with light therapy which may suppress melatonin synthesis

29
Q

What is the effect of melatonin?

A

Down regulation of metabolic rate in some cell types

AP0408 (8 decks)

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