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Medical Terminology > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

nas/o; rhino

A

nose

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2
Q

sinu/o

A

sinus

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3
Q

pharyngl/o

A

pharynx

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4
Q

laryng/o

A

larynx

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5
Q

trache/o

A

trachea

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6
Q

bronch/o; bronchi/o

A

bronchi

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7
Q

pneum/o; pneumono; pulmon/o

A

lung

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8
Q

cillia

A

thin hairs in nose

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9
Q

mucous membranes

A

specialized tissues that line the nose

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10
Q

olfactory respectors

A

sense of smell

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11
Q

Functions of these sinuses

A
  • Make the bones of the skull lighter
  • Help produce sound by giving resonance to the voice
  • Produce mucus to provide lubrication for the tissues of the nasal cavity
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12
Q

Frontal sinuses

A

located in the frontal bone
just above the eyebrow

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13
Q

Sphenoid sinuses

A

located in the sphenoid bone behind the eye

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14
Q

Maxillary sinuses

A

located in the maxillary bones under the eyes

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15
Q

Ethmoid sinuses

A

located in the ethmoid
bones between the nose and eyes

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16
Q

Pharynx

A

throat

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17
Q

Nasopharynx

A
  • Posterior to nasal cavity; continues downward toward the
    mouth
  • Transports air only
  • Opens into the oropharyn
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18
Q

Oropharynx

A
  • Visible when looking into the mouth
  • Shared by respiratory and digestive systems
  • Transports air, food, and fluids to the laryngopharyn
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19
Q
  • Laryngopharynx
A
  • Shared by respiratory and digestive systems
  • Air, food, and fluids continue to the opening of esophagus and trachea; air enters trachea; food and fluids enter esophagus
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20
Q

Larynx

A

voice box
9 separate cartilage

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21
Q

Soft palate

A

prevents food or liquid from going up into
the nose

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22
Q

Epiglottis

A

prevents food from entering the trachea
and lungs

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23
Q

Trachea

A

windpipe; transports air to and from lungs

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24
Q

Bronchi

A

large tubes that funnel air into lung tissues

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25
Q

Alveoli

A

air sacs, at the end of each bronchi, location of the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

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26
Q

Right lung

A

larger of the 2; has 3 lobes

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27
Q

left lung

A

has 2 lobes; upper and lower

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28
Q

Pleura

A

thin, moist, slippery membrane; covers the outer surface of the lungs and lines the inner surfaces of the thoracic cavity

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29
Q

Diaphragm

A

*Dome-shaped sheet of muscle
*Separates the thoracic cavity from the
abdomen
*Contraction and relaxation
 Makes breathing possible

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30
Q

phrenic nerves

A

cause diaphragm to contract

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31
Q

Inhalation

A

breathing in air

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32
Q

exhalation

A

breathing out

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33
Q

Chronic obstructive Pulmonary disease

A

COPD; bronchial airflow is obstructed, making it difficult to breathe out
generally caused by smoking

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34
Q

Chronic bronchitis:

A

disease in which
the airways have become inflamed

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35
Q

Emphysema

A

progressive, long-term
loss of lung function

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36
Q

Asthma

A

Chronic inflammatory disease of the bronchial tubes
*Often triggered by an allergic reaction

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37
Q

Asthma attack

A

 Characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty,
coughing, and wheezing
 Wheezing is a breath sound caused by a partially
obstructed airwa

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38
Q

Bronchospasm

A

Contraction of the smooth muscle in the walls of the
bronchi and bronchioles

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39
Q

exercise-induced bronchoconstriction

A

Narrowing of the airways that develops after 5 to 15
minutes of physical exertion

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40
Q

Upper Respiratory Virus/Acute
Nasopharyngitis

A
  • Common Cold
  • Caused by any of 200+ different viruses
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41
Q

Allergic Rhinitis

A
  • Allergic reaction to airborne allergens that causes
    an increased flow of mucus
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42
Q

Croup

A
  • Acute respiratory infection in children and infants
  • Obstruction of the larynx, hoarseness, and
    swelling around the vocal cords resulting in a
    barking cough and stridor
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43
Q

Influenza

A

*Acute, highly contagious viral infection
* Most commonly in epidemics during the
colder months

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44
Q

Pertussis (Whooping Cough)

A
  • Contagious bacterial infection of the upper
    respiratory tract
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45
Q

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

A
  • Common, highly contagious viral infection
    spread by respiratory droplets
  • Can cause bronchiolitis in younger children
    and infants; may require hospitalization
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46
Q

Epistaxis

A

(nosebleed); Bleeding from the nose that may be
caused by dry air, injury, medication
to prevent blood clotting, or high
blood pressure

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47
Q

Rhinorrhea

A

Rhinorrhea (runny nose) watery flow of mucus from the nose

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48
Q

sinusitis

A

inflammation of the sinuses

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49
Q

Pharyngitis

A

sore throat; Inflammation of the pharynx; often a
symptom of a cold, flu, or sinus infection
* When caused by the bacteria Streptococcus,
commonly referred to as strep throat

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50
Q

Laryngospasm

A
  • Sudden spasmodic closure of the larynx
  • Sometimes associated with
    gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
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51
Q

Aphonia

A
  • loss of the ability of the larynx to
    *produce normal speech sounds
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52
Q

Dysphonia

A
  • any impairment in vocal quality;
    hoarseness, weakness, cracking of
    a boy’s voice during puberty
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53
Q

Laryngitis

A

inflammation of the larynx;
commonly used to describe voice
loss caused by this inflammation

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54
Q

Acute Bronchitis

A

(Chest Cold)
*Inflammation of the bronchi usually caused by a viral
infection
*Characterized by a productive cough (brings up mucus
or phlegm), shortness of breath, and often wheezing
and a low‐grade fever

55
Q

Bronchiectasis

A

*Permanent thickening of the walls of the bronchi
*Caused by chronic infection and inflammation

56
Q

Bronchorrhea

A

*Excessive discharge of watery mucus from the bronchi
*Often caused by chronic bronchitis or asthma

57
Q

Pleurisy (pleuritis)

A
  • Inflammation of pleura (membranes that
    cover the lungs and line the pleural cavity)
58
Q

Pleurodynia

A
  • Sharp chest pain
  • Occurs when inflamed pleural membranes
    rub against each other with each inhalation
59
Q

Pleural effusion

A
  • Excess accumulation of fluid in the pleural
    space
  • Produces a feeling of breathlessness because
    it prevents the lung from fully expanding
60
Q

Pyothorax (pleural empyema)

A

Presence of pus in the pleural cavity
resulting from a bacterial infection

61
Q

Empyema

A

Collection of pus in any body cavity

62
Q

Hemothorax

A
  • Collection of blood in the
    pleural cavity
  • Results from chest trauma or
    caused by disease or surgery
63
Q

Pneumothorax

A

*Accumulation of air in the
pleural space
* Causes full or partial lung
collapse

64
Q

Acute respiratory distress syndrome
(ARDS)

A

*Caused by trauma, pneumonia, smoke or fumes,
inhaled vomit, or sepsis
*Inflammation in the lungs and fluid in the alveoli
lead to low levels of oxygen in the blood

65
Q

Atelectasis

A

(collapsed lung)
*Incomplete expansion of part or all of a lung
*Blockage of the air passages or pneumothorax

66
Q

Pulmonary edema

A
  • Accumulation of fluid in lung tissue
67
Q

Pulmonary embolism

A
  • Sudden blockage of a pulmonary
    artery by foreign matter or by an
    embolus that has formed in the leg
    or pelvic region
68
Q

Tuberculosis (TB)

A
  • Infectious disease caused by
    Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  • Most commonly in individuals with
    immune systems weakened by another
    condition
  • Drug‐resistant tuberculosis: occurs when
    prescribed drug regimen is not strictly
    followed
69
Q

Bronchopneumonia

A

localized form of pneumonia; often affects
the bronchioles

70
Q

Lobar pneumonia

A

*Often includes one or more sections, or
lobes
*Double pneumonia: lobar pneumonia
involving both lung

71
Q

Aspiration pneumonia

A

Due to inhaling foreign substance into lungs

72
Q

Community‐acquired
pneumonia

A
  • Results from contagious infection outside hospital/clinic
73
Q
  • Hospital‐acquired pneumonia
A

Acquired during a stay in hospital

74
Q
  • Mycoplasma pneumoni
A

*Milder, longer lasting form
caused by Mycoplasma
pneumoniae
* Also known as walking
pneumonia since the patient is
often not bedridde

75
Q

Pneumocystis pneumonia

A

Opportunistic infection caused
by Pneumocystis carinii

76
Q

Viral pneumonia

A

Caused by viruses

77
Q

Interstitial
Lung Disease

A

Group of almost 200 disorders that cause inflammation and
scarring of the alveoli

78
Q

Pneumoconiosis

A

fibrosis
caused by prolonged environmental or
occupational contact

79
Q

Cystic fibrosis (CF)

A

*Genetic disorder: lungs and pancreas clogged with
abnormally thick mucus
* Results in damage to the lungs, poor growth, and nutritional
deficiencies
* Common symptoms include wheezing and a persistent cough

80
Q

Lung cancer

A
  • Cancer cells form in the tissues of the lung
  • Important risk factors: smoking and inhaling secondhand
    smoke
81
Q

Eupnea

A

Easy or normal breathing

82
Q

Apnea

A

Temporary absence of spontaneous respiration

83
Q

Bradypnea

A

Less than 10 breaths/minute

84
Q

Cheyne‐Stokes respiration

A
  • Irregular pattern of alternating rapid or shallow
    respiration followed by slower respiration or
    apnea
85
Q

Tachypnea

A

More than 20 breaths/minute

86
Q

Dyspnea

A

Difficult or labored breathing

87
Q

Hyperpnea

A
  • Deeper and more rapid than normal
    breathing, commonly associated with
    exertion
88
Q

Hypopnea

A

Shallow or slow respiration

89
Q

Hyperventilation

A
  • Rapid rate of deep respiration, commonly
    associated with anxiety
90
Q

sleep apnea

A
  • Breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep
    enough to cause a measurable decrease in blood
    oxygen levels
91
Q

Snoring

A

noisy breathing; can be a symptom of
sleep apnea

92
Q

Expectoration

A
  • Coughing up and spitting out saliva,
    mucus, or other body fluid
93
Q

Hemoptysis

A
  • Expectoration of blood or blood‐
    stained sputum; result of a
    pulmonary or bronchial hemorrhage
94
Q
  • Anoxia
A
  • Absence of oxygen from body tissues/organs even though the flow of blood is adequate
95
Q

Hypoxia

A

*Deficient oxygen levels in body tissues/organs
* Less severe than anoxia

96
Q

Altitude hypoxia

A
  • Due to decreased oxygen in the air at higher altitudes, especially above 8,000 feet
97
Q

Asphyxia

A
  • Lack of oxygen leading to loss of
    consciousness
98
Q

Cyanosis

A
  • Bluish discoloration of
    skin/mucous membranes due to inadequate oxygen supply
99
Q

Hypercapnia

A
  • Buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood
100
Q

Hypoxemia

A
  • Decreased oxygen levels in the blood
101
Q

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

A

SIDS; Sudden and unexplainable death of an
apparently healthy sleeping infant
* Occurs between the ages of 1 month and 1 year
* Cause still unknown

102
Q

Respiratory rate

A

count of the
number of breaths per minute

Respiratory sounds such as rales, rhonchi, and stridor provide
information about the condition of
the lungs and pleura

103
Q

Bronchoscopy

A
  • visual examination of the bronchi
104
Q

Chest x‐ray (CXR)

A

used to diagnose lung infections,
diseases, and disorders

105
Q

Laryngoscopy

A
  • examination of the larynx and
    vocal cords with a laryngoscope
106
Q

Pulmonary Function Test

A
  • measures air flow out of lungs
107
Q

Polysomnography

A

(sleep study)
* measures physiological activity
during sleep

108
Q

Spirometer

A

measures the amount of air
inhaled or exhaled (volume)

109
Q

Pulse oximeter

A
  • measures the oxygen
    saturation level in the blood
110
Q

Sputum cytology

A

examination of coughed‐up
mucus

111
Q

Phlegm

A

thick mucus secreted by the tissues
lining the respiratory passages

112
Q

Sputum

A
  • Phlegm ejected through mouth
  • Sputum cytology examines the
    phlegm to detect cancer cells
113
Q

Antitussive

A

(Cough Medicine)
* prevents or relieves coughing

114
Q

Decongestant

A
  • relieves nasal congestion
115
Q

Expectorant

A
  • thins and reduces mucus; makes it easier to cough up mucus
116
Q

Bronchodilator

A

relaxes and expands the bronchial
passages into the lungs

117
Q

Controller medicines

A

*long‐acting daily medications; prevent
asthma attacks

118
Q

Nebulizer

A

*electronic device
* Pumps air or oxygen through a liquid
medicine to turn it into a mist
*Inhaled by the patient via a face mask
or mouthpiece

119
Q

Endotracheal intubation

A
  • Passing a tube through the mouth into the
    trachea
  • Establishes or maintains an open airway
120
Q

Laryngotomy

A
  • Surgical incision into the larynx
  • Performed when the upper part of the
    airway is obstructed
121
Q

Septoplasty

A
  • Surgical repair of parts of the nasal septum; used to correct a deviated septum
122
Q

Tracheostomy

A

*Surgical creation of a stoma (surgically created
opening on a body surface) into the trachea below
the vocal cords
*Insertion of a temporary or permanent tube to
facilitate breathing

123
Q

Emergency tracheotomy

A

*Incision made into the trachea to gain access to the
airway below a blockage

124
Q

Pneumonectomy

A

removal of all or part of a lung

125
Q

Lobectomy

A
  • removal of a lobe of an organ,
    usually the lung, brain, liver, or thyroid gland
126
Q

Wedge resection

A

removal of a small wedge‐shaped
piece of cancerous lung tissue

127
Q

Thoracentesis

A
  • needle puncture of the chest wall to obtain
    fluid from the pleural cavity
128
Q

Thoracotomy

A

incision in the chest wall to open the
pleural cavity for biopsy or treatment

129
Q

CPAP machine

A

(Continuous
Positive Airway Pressure)
*Noninvasive ventilation device
*Used in the treatment of sleep apnea
* BiPAP machine
* Similar to CPAP but at a higher pressure

130
Q

Ambu® bag, or BVM

A

(Bag Valve Mask)
* Emergency resuscitator used to assist
ventilation

131
Q

Ventilator

A
  • Forces air into the lungs; exhalation takes place passively as the lungs contract
132
Q

Supplemental Oxygen Therapy

A
  • Maintains adequate blood oxygen saturation
  • Uses a compressor; flows into a hood or tent
  • Nasal cannula: divides into two nasal prongs
  • Rebreather mask: exhaled breath is partially
    reused
133
Q

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy

A

(HBOT)
* Breathing pure oxygen in a special chamber
* Raises air pressure; up to three times higher
than norma

Medical Terminology (5 decks)

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