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Medical Terminology > Endocrine system > Flashcards

Endocrine system Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Adren/o

A

adrenal glands

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2
Q

gonad/o

A

gonads

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3
Q

testic/o

A

male testicles

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4
Q

ovari/o

A

female ovaries

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5
Q

pancreat/o

A

pancreatic islets

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6
Q

parathyroid/o

A

parathyroid gland

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7
Q

peneal/o

A

pineal gland

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8
Q

pituit/o; pituitar/o

A

pituitary gland

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9
Q

thym/o

A

thymus

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10
Q

thyr/o; thyroid/o

A

thyroid gland

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11
Q

primary functions of the endocrine system include

A

homeostasis and hormones

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12
Q

homeostasis

A

process through which the body maintains constant internal environment

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13
Q

hormones

A

chemical messengers secreted by endocrin glands directly into the blood stream. Specialized functions in regulating the
activities of specific cells, organs, or both. Levels can be measured with blood or urine
tests

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14
Q

pituitary gland

A

Pea
‐sized gland divided into anterior and
posterior lobes
* Hangs from
a stalk
‐like structure below the
hypothalamus

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15
Q

function of pituitary glands

A

*Secretes hormones that control other
endocrine glands
* Responds to neurohormones secreted
by the hypothalamus
* Creates
a system of checks and
balances
* Maintains an appropriate blood level
of each hormone

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16
Q

Anterior Lobe

A

*Growth hormone
* LTH [Prolactin/Lactogenic Hormone] (to
stimulate milk production in the female
breast)
* ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone which
regulates the adrenal glands )
* TSH (thyroid‐stimulating hormone which
regulates the thyroid gland )
* FSH (follicle‐stimulating hormone which
regulates the ovaries and testes)
* LH (luteinizing hormone which regulates the
ovaries or testes

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17
Q

Posterior Lobe

A

ADH (antidiuretic hormone is actually
produced in the hypothalamus and stored
in the pituitary gland; it increases
absorption of water by the kidneys. It also
increases blood pressure)
* Oxytocin (to contract the uterus during
childbirth and stimulate the release of milk
during breastfeeding)

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18
Q

Pineal gland

A
  • Very small endocrine gland; also known as
    the pineal body
  • Located in the central portion of the brain
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19
Q

Secretions of the pineal glands

A

*Melatonin: influences the sleep–
wakefulness portions of circadian cycle
*Circadian cycle: biological functions
that occur within
a 24
‐hour period

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20
Q

thyroid

A

Lies on either side of the larynx,
just below the thyroid cartilage

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21
Q

Thyroids function

A
  • Regulate the body’s metabolism
  • Thyroxine (T
    4)
  • Triiodothyronine (T
    3)
  • Calcitonin
  • Works with parathyroid
    hormone
  • Decreases calcium levels
  • Moves calcium into storage in
    the bones and teet
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22
Q

PARATHYROID
GLANDS

A

*Four parathyroid glands
*Each of which is about the size of
a grain of
rice
*Embedded in the posterior surface of the
thyroid gland

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23
Q

main function of parathyroid glands

A

Regulate calcium levels throughout the bod

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24
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

*Works with calcitonin (hormone secreted by
the thyroid gland)
* Regulates the calcium levels in the blood and
tissue

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25
Q

Thymus

A

*Located near the midline in the anterior portion of
the thoracic cavity
* Secretes a hormone that functions as part of the
immune system

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26
Q

Function of thymus

A

Greatly reduced after puberty
* Slowly turns into fatty tissue

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27
Q

Thymosin

A
  • Plays an important role in the immune
    system
  • Stimulates the maturation of lymphocytes
    into T cell
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28
Q

Pancreatic Islets

A
  • Feather
    ‐shaped organ located posterior to the
    stomach
  • Functions as part of both the digestive and the
    endocrine systems
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29
Q

Pancreatic islet secretions

A

*Glucose: basic form of energy used by the
body
*Glucagon (GCG): hormone secreted by the
alpha cells
* Insulin: hormone secreted by the beta cells

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30
Q

Adrenal glands

A

*Located on top of each kidney
* Adrenal cortex (outer portion)
* Adrenal medulla (middle portion)
* Primary functions
* Control electrolyte levels
* Help regulate metabolism
* Interact with the sympathetic nervous system

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31
Q

Androgens

A

secreted by the adrenal glands; sex hormones secreted by the gonads, the
adrenal cortex, and fat cells

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32
Q

Corticosteroids

A

secreted by the adrenal glands. steroid hormones produced by the
adrenal corte

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33
Q

Aldosterone (ALD):

A

secreted by the adrenal glands. : corticosteroid that regulates the
sodium and water levels in the bod

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34
Q

Cortisol (hydrocortisone):

A

secreted by the adrenal glands; corticosteroid that has an
anti‐inflammatory action

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35
Q

Secretion of the adrenal medulla

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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36
Q

Epinephrine (Epi, EPI):

A

adrenaline; stimulates the
sympathetic nervous system

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37
Q

Norepinephrine

A

released as a hormone by adrenal
medulla; released as a neurohormone by sympathetic
nervous system; important for “fight‐or‐flight response

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38
Q

Gonads

A

*Gamete‐producing glands
* Ovaries in females and testicles in males
* Functions
* Secrete hormones for development and maintenance
of secondary sex characteristics
* Secondary sex characteristics: distinguish the sexes;
not directly related to reproduction

39
Q

Estrogen(E)

A

SECRETIONS OF THE GONAD hormone secreted by the ovaries

40
Q

Progesterone

A

SECRETIONS OF THE GONAD hormone released during second half of
menstrual cycle

41
Q

Gonadotropin

A

SECRETIONS OF THE GONAD any hormone that stimulates the
gonad

42
Q

Androgens

A

SECRETIONS OF THE GONAD sex hormones

43
Q

testosterone

A

SECRETIONS OF THE GONAD steroid hormone secreted by the testicles

44
Q

Specialized types of hormones

A

SECRETIONS OF THE GONAD Steroids: family of hormones derived from
cholesterol
* Anabolic steroids: human‐made substances;
chemically related to male sex hormones

45
Q

Acromegaly

A
  • abnormal enlargement of
    extremities (hands and feet);
    excessive secretion of growth
    hormone after pubert
46
Q

Gigantism

A

abnormal growth; excessive
secretion of growth hormone
before puberty

47
Q

Short Stature

A
  • general term used to describe
    a condition in which a child or
    a teen’s height is well below
    the average height of his or
    her peers
48
Q

Prolactinoma

A

benign functional pituitary
tumor; can cause infertility
in women and erectile
dysfunction in me

49
Q

Pituitary adenoma

A

slow‐growing benign tumor
of the pituitary gland

50
Q

Galactorrhea

A

excess prolactin; causes
breasts to produce milk
spontaneously, not due
to childbirth

51
Q

Diabetes Insipidus

A

not related to diabetes mellitus;
caused by insufficient production
of antidiuretic hormone

52
Q

SIDH

A

overproduction of antidiuretic
hormone (ADH); often a result of
cancer or its treatment

53
Q

Pinealoma

A

tumor of the pineal gland

54
Q

Thyroid carcinoma

A

Thyroid cancer might not cause
any symptoms at first. But as it
grows, it can cause pain and
swelling in your neck.

55
Q

Myxedema

A
  • extreme deficiency of thyroid secretion
56
Q

Thyroid storm

A

storm happens when your thyroid gland
suddenly releases large amounts of thyroid
hormone in a short period of time

57
Q

Hashimoto’s Disease

A

immune‐system cells lead to the
death of the thyroid’s hormone‐
producing cells

58
Q

Cretinism

A

congenital form of
hypothyroidism

59
Q

Graves’ Disease

A

Goiter
* Abnormal benign
enlargement of thyroid
gland
* Swelling in front of the
neck
Exophthalmos
* Abnormal protrusion of
eyeball out of the orbit

60
Q

Pancreatitis

A
  • inflammation of the
    pancreas
61
Q

Insulinoma

A

tumors in the pancreas

62
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

Most common endocrine system disease
Results from defects in production of
insulin (type 1) or ability to use it properly
(type 2)
Treatment goals: controlling blood glucose
levels and preventing complication

63
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

Autoimmune disorder
* Caused by destruction of pancreatic islet
beta cells; pancreatic beta cells do not
secrete enough insulin
Onset
* Often triggered by a viral infection
Treatment
* Diet and exercise
* Regulated insulin replacement therapy
(administered by injection or insulin pump)

64
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

*Insulin is being produced, but the body does not
use it effectively
*Might be asymptomatic for years
Treatment
*Diet, exercise, and oral medications
* Oral hypoglycemics
* Metformin
* Insulin replacement

65
Q

Prediabetes

A

Blood glucose level is higher than normal
* Not high enough to be classified as type 2
diabetes

66
Q

Diabetic Coma

A

Caused by very high blood glucose
(hyperglycemia) or very low blood
glucose (hypoglycemia) resulting in
stupor or a coma. DIABETIC EMERGENCIES

67
Q

Insulin shock

A

Caused by very low blood glucose levels. DIABETIC EMERGENCIES.

68
Q

Diabetic Retinopathy

A

causes blood to leak into
the posterior segment of
the eyeball and produces
the damage that causes the
loss of vision. DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS

69
Q

Ketosis

A
  • helps the body utilize
    stored fat; excessively high
    levels may indicate that the
    body is not producing
    enough insulin to convert
    glucose into energy DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS
70
Q

Kidney Disease

A

can lead to renal failure;
damage to blood vessels
reduces blood flow through
the kidneys DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS

71
Q

Peripheral Neuropathy

A

damage to nerves makes it
harder to feel a cut or other
injury DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS

72
Q

Addison’s disease

A

Adrenal glands do not
produce enough cortisol
or aldosterone
ADRENAL GLAND PATHOLOG

73
Q

Adrenalitis

A

Inflammation of one or
both adrenal gland
ADRENAL GLAND PATHOLOG

74
Q

Aldosteronism

A
  • Abnormality of the
    electrolyte balance
  • Caused by excessive
    secretion of aldosterone
    ADRENAL GLAND PATHOLOG
75
Q

CUSHING’S SYNDROME

A

Caused by prolonged exposure to high
levels of cortisol. Fat hump on neck, red cheeks, thin legs big abdomen

76
Q

Hypergonadism

A
  • Condition of excessive
    secretion of hormones by
    the sex glands
77
Q

Hypogonadism

A

*More common than
hypergonadism
* Deficient secretion of
hormones by the sex glands

78
Q

Gynecomastia

A
  • Condition of excessive mammary
    development in the male
  • Increase in male estrogen levels or
    decreased testosterone
79
Q

Thyroid tests

A

*Radioactive iodine uptake test
*Thyroid-stimulating hormone assay
*Thyroid scan

80
Q

Diabetes tests

A

*fasting Blood Sugar
* oral glucose tolerance test
*Home blood glucose monitoring
*Hemoglobin A1c testing
*Fructosamine test

81
Q

Human Growth Hormone

A

synthetic version of growth
hormone
PITUITARY AND PINEAL GLAND;

82
Q

Hypophysectomy

A
  • surgical removal of the
    pituitary gland
    PITUITARY AND PINEAL GLAND
83
Q

Pinealectomy

A
  • surgical removal of the pineal
    gland
    PITUITARY AND PINEAL GLAND
84
Q

Antithyroid drug

A
  • slows the ability of the
    thyroid gland to produce
    thyroid hormones
85
Q

Radioactive iodine
treatment

A

oral administration;
destroys thyroid cells

86
Q

Lobectomy

A

removal of one lobe of the
thyroid gland

87
Q

Synthetic thyroid
hormone

A
  • use of synthetic thyroid
    hormones; replaces lost
    thyroid function
88
Q

Parathyroidectomy

A
  • Surgical removal of one or more of
    the parathyroid glands
  • Performed to control
    hyperparathyroidism or remove
    parathyroid tumor
89
Q

Thymectomy

A

Surgical removal of the thymus
gland

90
Q

Pancreatectomy

A

Surgical removal of all or part of
the pancreas
* Total pancreatectomy: performed
to treat pancreatic cancer

91
Q

Laparoscopic adrenalectomy

A

Minimally invasive surgical
procedure

92
Q

Cortisone

A

Synthetic equivalent of
corticosteroids produced by the adrenal glands

93
Q

EpiPen

A

Device used to inject a measured dose of epinephrine

Medical Terminology (5 decks)

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