Lymphatic system Flashcards
carcin/o
cancer
immun/o
immunity
lymph/o
lymph
lymphangi/o
Lymphatic vessles and ducts
lympaden/o; lymphocyt/o
lymph nodes and lymphocytes
onc/o
tumor
phago
eat/swallow
tonsill/o; adenoid/o
tonsils and adenoids
splen/o
spleen
myel/o
bone marrow
thym/o
thymus
3 main functions of the lymphatic system
- Absorption of fats and fatsoluble vitamins through
lacteals of small intestine - Removal of waste products and
tissues, and cooperation with
the immune system in
destroying invading pathogens - Returning filtered lymph to veins
at the base of the nec
lymph
clear, watery fluid containing electrolytes and proteins
Lacteals
specialized structures of the lymphatic system
Lymphatic vessles
*Flow from lymphatic capillaries into progressively larger lymphatic vessels
*Prevent the backward flow of lymph
Lymphatic ducts
Right lymphatic duct: collects lymph from the right side of
the head and neck, the upper right quadrant of the body,
and the right arm
Thoracic duct
collects lymph from the left side of the
head and neck, the upper left quadrant of the trunk, the
left arm, the entire lower portion of the trunk, and both
legs
Lymph nodes
Specialized lymphocytes capable of destroying pathogens
cervical lymph nodes
located along sides of the neck
axillary lymph nodes
located under the arms
Inguinal lymph nodes
groin area lymph nodes
Adenoids
located in the nasopharynx
palatine tonsils
Located on the left and right sides of the throat in the area visible at the back of the mouth; normal tonsils, got removed
lingual tonsils
located at the base of the tongue, not visible
Thymus gland
lymphoid tissue located above the heart, reaches size at puberty, becomes smaller with age, secrete a hormone that stimulates the maturation of the lymphocytes into T cells
Appendix
located on the first section of the large intestine, unknown purpose
spleen
located in LUQ, forms lymphocytes and monocytes, destroys worn out erythrocytes, stores extra erythrocytes
Lymphocytes
formed in bone marrow as stem cells, defen the body against antigens,
THREE TYPES
natural killer cell
aid in killing cancer cells
B cells
produce antibodies
t cells
play a role in cell- mediated immunity
Cytokine
*Group of proteins such as interferons
and interleukins
*Act as intracellular signals to begin the
immune response
Interferons
Activate the immune system, fight viruses, and signal other cells to increase defense
Interleukins
*Play multiple roles in the immune system
*Direct B and T cells to divide and
proliferat
Natural Immunity
Acquired through infection with the actual
disease organism
Vaccine-induced Immunity
Acquired through introduction of either dead
or weakened (attenuated) form of disease
organis
Active Immunity
*Exposure to disease triggers immune
system
*Acquired through natural or vaccineinduced immunity
Passive Immunity
Acquired when a person is given antibodies
to a disease
Tolerance
*Refers to an acquired
unresponsiveness to a specific antigen
* Also used to describe a decline in the
effective response to a drug, usually
due to repeated use
Immunoglobins
Antibodies; 5 types
Immunoglobulin G
in blood serum and lymph
Immunoglobulin A
- produced against ingested antigens
Immunoglobulin M
found in circulating body fluid
Immunoglobulin D
found only on the surface of B cell
Immunoglobulin E
produced in lungs, skin, and mucous membranes;
responsible for allergic reactions
Phagocytes
specialized leukocytes that act as part of the anigen-antibody reaction
Monocytes
*Leukocytes that provide immunological defenses
*Become macrophages and dendritic cells
Macrophages
Leukocyte that surround and kill invading cells
Dendritic cells
*Patrol the body searching for antigens
*Grab an antigen, swallow it, and alert B and T cells to act against the specific
antige
Bacilli
rod-shaped spore-forming bacteria
Anthrax
transmitted through livestock
Rickettsia
lives in lice, fleas, ticks, and mites
Spirochetes
spiral-shaped bacteria; capable of movement
Staphylococci
group of 30 species shaped like clusters
Streptococci
- bacteria that form a chain
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
MRSA; Resistant to most antibiotics, Infections are serious, difficult to treat; can be fatal, Often occur repeatedly as breaks in the skin allow the bacteria entry
Fungus
- Simple parasitic organisms
- Tinea pedis (Athlete’s Foot
Yeast
Type of fungus
* Candidiasis: yeast infection on the skin or mucous
membranes in warm, moist areas
* Candida albicans (oral thrush): yeast infection that
occurs in the mouth
Parasites
Plants or animals living on or within a living organism at the expense of that organism
Giardiasis
*Diarrheal disease caused by the parasite Giardia
* Most common method of transmission: water
that has been contaminated with feces
malaria
*Caused by a parasite that lives in certain mosquitoes
* Transferred to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito
Toxoplasmosis
Caused by a parasite; most commonly transmitted by contaminated animal feces
Trichomoniasis
Thich; Sexually transmitted disease caused by the parasite
Viruses
- Very small infectious agents that live only by
invading other cells - Invade a cell, reproduce, break the wall of
the cell, release newly formed viruses - Spread to other cells and repeat the process
Herpesviruses
- Group of viruses that cause a variety of diseases in humans
- Examples of herpesviruses
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Varicella (chickenpox)
Photo A
Herpes zoster (HZ) (shingles)
Photo B
Infectious mononucleosis
(mono)
Roseola (sixth disease)
Antibiotics
- Inhibit growth of, or kill,
pathogenic bacterial
microorganisms - (anti-:against; bio: life; -tic:
pertaining to
Bactericide
Causes death of bacteria
Bacteriostatic
Inhibits growth of bacteria
Antifungal
- Destroys or inhibits growth of fungi
Antiviral
Used to treat viral infections or to provide temporary immunity
Lymphadenitis
- inflammation of the lymph nodes
Lymphangioma
Benign tumor
* Formed by an abnormal
collection of lymphatic vessel
Splenomegaly
abnormal enlargement of the
spleen
Ruptured Spleen
torn covering of the spleen
Lymphedema
- Swelling of the tissues due to an
abnormal accumulation of lymph
fluid within the tissues - Primary: hereditary
- Secondary: damage to lymphatic
vessels
Lymphoscintigraphy
- Detects damage or malformations of the lymphatic
vessels - A radioactive substance is injected into lymph
ducts, and a scanner or probe is used to follow the
movement of the substance on a computer screen
Bioimpedance spectroscopy
- Noninvasive method of diagnosing lymphedema
- Measures the resistance to an electrical current
passed through the affected limb, with abnormally
low results showing a buildup of lymp
Allergies
- Body’s immune system reacts to a harmless allergen as if it were a dangerous invader
allergy
overreaction by body to a particular antigen
allergen
substance producing allergic reaction
Localized allergic response
Redness, itching, burning where skin came into
contact with allergen
Systemic reaction
*Severe response to allergen
* Also known as anaphylaxis
* Medical emergenc
Scratch test
- Identifies common allergens
Allergen-specific
immunoglobulin
- Blood test to determine if person is
allergic to a particular substance
Antihistamines
Medications to relieve or prevent symptoms of certain allergies
AUTO-IMMUNE DISORDERS
Large group of diseases
characterized by the immune
system producing antibodies
against its own tissue
*Abnormal functioning of the
immune system
* Appears to be genetically
transmitte
Severe combined immunodeficiency
SCID; Increased susceptibility to infection and failure to thrive as a result of
infections
Human immunodeficiency virus
HIV; Damages or kills the T cells of the immune system, causing it to
progressively fail
* Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): advanced and fatal stage
of HIV
Opportunistic infection
Caused by a pathogen that does not normally produce an illness in
healthy humans
* Kaposi’s sarcoma: opportunistic infection associated with HIV;
* Cance
ELISA
- Screen for HIV
- HIV Differentiation Assay is used
to confirm a positive ELISA
Western blot test
- Produces more accurate results
than ELISA
Biological therapy
Involves either stimulating or
repressing the immune response
Treatment of cancers
Immunotherapy stimulates the immune
response to fight the malignancy
Treatment of allergies
*Immunotherapy represses the body’s
sensitivity to a particular allergen
* Repress means to decrease or stop a
normal response
* Treatment known as allergy
desensitization or allergen
immunotherapy
Synthetic immunoglobulins (immune serum)
Used as a post-exposure preventive measure against certain viruses
Synthetic interferon
Used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, hepatitis C, and some cancer
Monoclonal antibodies
*Antibodies produced in the laboratory by identical offspring of a clone of
specific cells
* Used to enhance a patient’s immune response to certain malignancies,
including non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, melanoma, breast cancer, and colon
cancer
Antiretroviral therapy
(ART)
Sometimes referred to as a treatment
regimen
Often more than one drug must be taken
in combination with each other
Medications to prevent HIV
transmission
- Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP): daily
preventative drug for people at high risk
*Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP): for
people with suspected or confirmed HIV
exposur
Immunosuppression
Represses or interferes with the ability of the immune system to
respond to stimulation by antigen
Immunosuppressant
*Prevents or reduces the body’s normal immune response
* Administered to prevent rejection of donor tissue and to depress autoimmune
disorder
Corticosteroid drug
Synthetic hormone that closely resembles the cortisol secreted by the adrenal
glands
Cytotoxic drug
Medication that kills or damages cells
* Used as immunosuppressants or as antineoplastics
cancer
Class of diseases characterized by uncontrolled division
of cells and ability of these cells to invade other tissues
metastasize
- Spread from one place to another
- The most common sites of metastatic tumors are the bones, liver, and
lungs
Metastasis
Process by which cancer is spread to a new site
* Also used to describe the tumor itself
oncology
Study of prevention, causes, and treatment of tumors
and cancer
Tumors (neoplasm)
Abnormal growth of body tissue
* Benign tumor (not cancerous, but can cause damage)
* Malignant tumor (cancerous)
Angiogenesis
Tumor supports its growth by creating its own blood supply
Antiangiogenesis
Treatment that disrupts the blood supply to the tumor
carcinomas
*Malignant tumor that occurs in
epithelial tissue
*Tends to infiltrate and produce metastases
Carcinoma in situ
*Malignant tumor in its original position
*Has not yet disturbed or invaded the surrounding tissues
Adenocarcinoma
*One of a large group of carcinomas derived from glandular tissue
Sarcomas
*Malignant tumor in connective tissues
*Hard-Tissue Sarcoma (bone/cartilage)
*Soft-Tissue Sarcoma
*Muscle, fat, blood, lymphatic vessels
Lymphoma
- Malignancies affecting lymphoid tissue
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
*Cancer of immune system
* Distinguished by the presence of large,
cancerous lymphocytes
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
- More common type
- Refers to all lymphomas other than Hodgkin’s
- Originate in Lymphocytes
- Can be either aggressive or indolent
Breast cancer
Develops from breast cells, and may metastasize to lymph nodes and other body sites
BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes
Abnormal genes carrying higher risk of breast, ovarian, and certain other cancers
Ductal carcinoma in sit
Breast cancer at its earliest stag
Inflammatory breast cancer
- Aggressive form of breast cancer
- Cancer cells block lymphatic vessels in the skin of the breast
- Cannot be detected by mammography
Male breast cancer
May occur in small amount of breast tissue normally present in men
Detection of breast cancer
breast self-examination
palpation of the breast
mammography
Needle breast biopsy
ultrasound
molecular breast imaging
surgical biopsy
sentinel node biopsy
lymph node dissection
Lumpectomy
Removal of only the cancerous tissue with surrounding
margin of normal tissue
Mastectomy (mast: breast; -ectomy: surgical
removal)
Removal of breast and nipple
* May be radical or modified radica
Cancer Treatments
surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, adjuvant therapy, clinical trials
tox/o
toxic
anti-
against
phag/o
eat, swallow
sarc/o
flesh, connective tissue
