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Medical Terminology > Lymphatic system > Flashcards

Lymphatic system Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

carcin/o

A

cancer

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2
Q

immun/o

A

immunity

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3
Q

lymph/o

A

lymph

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4
Q

lymphangi/o

A

Lymphatic vessles and ducts

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5
Q

lympaden/o; lymphocyt/o

A

lymph nodes and lymphocytes

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6
Q

onc/o

A

tumor

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7
Q

phago

A

eat/swallow

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8
Q

tonsill/o; adenoid/o

A

tonsils and adenoids

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9
Q

splen/o

A

spleen

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10
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow

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11
Q

thym/o

A

thymus

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12
Q

3 main functions of the lymphatic system

A
  • Absorption of fats and fatsoluble vitamins through
    lacteals of small intestine
  • Removal of waste products and
    tissues, and cooperation with
    the immune system in
    destroying invading pathogens
  • Returning filtered lymph to veins
    at the base of the nec
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13
Q

lymph

A

clear, watery fluid containing electrolytes and proteins

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14
Q

Lacteals

A

specialized structures of the lymphatic system

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15
Q

Lymphatic vessles

A

*Flow from lymphatic capillaries into progressively larger lymphatic vessels
*Prevent the backward flow of lymph

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16
Q

Lymphatic ducts

A

Right lymphatic duct: collects lymph from the right side of
the head and neck, the upper right quadrant of the body,
and the right arm

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17
Q

Thoracic duct

A

collects lymph from the left side of the
head and neck, the upper left quadrant of the trunk, the
left arm, the entire lower portion of the trunk, and both
legs

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18
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Specialized lymphocytes capable of destroying pathogens

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19
Q

cervical lymph nodes

A

located along sides of the neck

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20
Q

axillary lymph nodes

A

located under the arms

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21
Q

Inguinal lymph nodes

A

groin area lymph nodes

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22
Q

Adenoids

A

located in the nasopharynx

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23
Q

palatine tonsils

A

Located on the left and right sides of the throat in the area visible at the back of the mouth; normal tonsils, got removed

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24
Q

lingual tonsils

A

located at the base of the tongue, not visible

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25
Q

Thymus gland

A

lymphoid tissue located above the heart, reaches size at puberty, becomes smaller with age, secrete a hormone that stimulates the maturation of the lymphocytes into T cells

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26
Q

Appendix

A

located on the first section of the large intestine, unknown purpose

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27
Q

spleen

A

located in LUQ, forms lymphocytes and monocytes, destroys worn out erythrocytes, stores extra erythrocytes

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28
Q

Lymphocytes

A

formed in bone marrow as stem cells, defen the body against antigens,
THREE TYPES

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29
Q

natural killer cell

A

aid in killing cancer cells

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30
Q

B cells

A

produce antibodies

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31
Q

t cells

A

play a role in cell- mediated immunity

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32
Q

Cytokine

A

*Group of proteins such as interferons
and interleukins
*Act as intracellular signals to begin the
immune response

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33
Q

Interferons

A

Activate the immune system, fight viruses, and signal other cells to increase defense

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34
Q

Interleukins

A

*Play multiple roles in the immune system
*Direct B and T cells to divide and
proliferat

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35
Q

Natural Immunity

A

Acquired through infection with the actual
disease organism

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36
Q

Vaccine-induced Immunity

A

Acquired through introduction of either dead
or weakened (attenuated) form of disease
organis

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37
Q

Active Immunity

A

*Exposure to disease triggers immune
system
*Acquired through natural or vaccineinduced immunity

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38
Q

Passive Immunity

A

Acquired when a person is given antibodies
to a disease

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39
Q

Tolerance

A

*Refers to an acquired
unresponsiveness to a specific antigen
* Also used to describe a decline in the
effective response to a drug, usually
due to repeated use

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40
Q

Immunoglobins

A

Antibodies; 5 types

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41
Q

Immunoglobulin G

A

in blood serum and lymph

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42
Q

Immunoglobulin A

A
  • produced against ingested antigens
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43
Q

Immunoglobulin M

A

found in circulating body fluid

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44
Q

Immunoglobulin D

A

found only on the surface of B cell

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45
Q

Immunoglobulin E

A

produced in lungs, skin, and mucous membranes;
responsible for allergic reactions

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46
Q

Phagocytes

A

specialized leukocytes that act as part of the anigen-antibody reaction

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47
Q

Monocytes

A

*Leukocytes that provide immunological defenses
*Become macrophages and dendritic cells

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48
Q

Macrophages

A

Leukocyte that surround and kill invading cells

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49
Q

Dendritic cells

A

*Patrol the body searching for antigens
*Grab an antigen, swallow it, and alert B and T cells to act against the specific
antige

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50
Q

Bacilli

A

rod-shaped spore-forming bacteria

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51
Q

Anthrax

A

transmitted through livestock

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52
Q

Rickettsia

A

lives in lice, fleas, ticks, and mites

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53
Q

Spirochetes

A

spiral-shaped bacteria; capable of movement

54
Q

Staphylococci

A

group of 30 species shaped like clusters

55
Q

Streptococci

A
  • bacteria that form a chain
56
Q

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

A

MRSA; Resistant to most antibiotics, Infections are serious, difficult to treat; can be fatal, Often occur repeatedly as breaks in the skin allow the bacteria entry

57
Q

Fungus

A
  • Simple parasitic organisms
  • Tinea pedis (Athlete’s Foot
58
Q

Yeast

A

Type of fungus
* Candidiasis: yeast infection on the skin or mucous
membranes in warm, moist areas
* Candida albicans (oral thrush): yeast infection that
occurs in the mouth

59
Q

Parasites

A

Plants or animals living on or within a living organism at the expense of that organism

60
Q

Giardiasis

A

*Diarrheal disease caused by the parasite Giardia
* Most common method of transmission: water
that has been contaminated with feces

61
Q

malaria

A

*Caused by a parasite that lives in certain mosquitoes
* Transferred to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito

62
Q

Toxoplasmosis

A

Caused by a parasite; most commonly transmitted by contaminated animal feces

63
Q

Trichomoniasis

A

Thich; Sexually transmitted disease caused by the parasite

64
Q

Viruses

A
  • Very small infectious agents that live only by
    invading other cells
  • Invade a cell, reproduce, break the wall of
    the cell, release newly formed viruses
  • Spread to other cells and repeat the process
65
Q

Herpesviruses

A
  • Group of viruses that cause a variety of diseases in humans
  • Examples of herpesviruses
     Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
     Varicella (chickenpox)
     Photo A
     Herpes zoster (HZ) (shingles)
     Photo B
     Infectious mononucleosis
    (mono)
     Roseola (sixth disease)
66
Q

Antibiotics

A
  • Inhibit growth of, or kill,
    pathogenic bacterial
    microorganisms
  • (anti-:against; bio: life; -tic:
    pertaining to
67
Q

Bactericide

A

Causes death of bacteria

68
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

Inhibits growth of bacteria

69
Q

Antifungal

A
  • Destroys or inhibits growth of fungi
70
Q

Antiviral

A

Used to treat viral infections or to provide temporary immunity

71
Q

Lymphadenitis

A
  • inflammation of the lymph nodes
72
Q

Lymphangioma

A

Benign tumor
* Formed by an abnormal
collection of lymphatic vessel

73
Q

Splenomegaly

A

abnormal enlargement of the
spleen

74
Q

Ruptured Spleen

A

torn covering of the spleen

75
Q

Lymphedema

A
  • Swelling of the tissues due to an
    abnormal accumulation of lymph
    fluid within the tissues
  • Primary: hereditary
  • Secondary: damage to lymphatic
    vessels
76
Q

Lymphoscintigraphy

A
  • Detects damage or malformations of the lymphatic
    vessels
  • A radioactive substance is injected into lymph
    ducts, and a scanner or probe is used to follow the
    movement of the substance on a computer screen
77
Q

Bioimpedance spectroscopy

A
  • Noninvasive method of diagnosing lymphedema
  • Measures the resistance to an electrical current
    passed through the affected limb, with abnormally
    low results showing a buildup of lymp
78
Q

Allergies

A
  • Body’s immune system reacts to a harmless allergen as if it were a dangerous invader
79
Q

allergy

A

overreaction by body to a particular antigen

80
Q

allergen

A

substance producing allergic reaction

81
Q

Localized allergic response

A

Redness, itching, burning where skin came into
contact with allergen

82
Q

Systemic reaction

A

*Severe response to allergen
* Also known as anaphylaxis
* Medical emergenc

83
Q

Scratch test

A
  • Identifies common allergens
84
Q

Allergen-specific
immunoglobulin

A
  • Blood test to determine if person is
    allergic to a particular substance
85
Q

Antihistamines

A

Medications to relieve or prevent symptoms of certain allergies

86
Q

AUTO-IMMUNE DISORDERS

A

Large group of diseases
characterized by the immune
system producing antibodies
against its own tissue
*Abnormal functioning of the
immune system
* Appears to be genetically
transmitte

87
Q

Severe combined immunodeficiency

A

SCID; Increased susceptibility to infection and failure to thrive as a result of
infections

88
Q

Human immunodeficiency virus

A

HIV; Damages or kills the T cells of the immune system, causing it to
progressively fail
* Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): advanced and fatal stage
of HIV

89
Q

Opportunistic infection

A

Caused by a pathogen that does not normally produce an illness in
healthy humans
* Kaposi’s sarcoma: opportunistic infection associated with HIV;
* Cance

90
Q

ELISA

A
  • Screen for HIV
  • HIV Differentiation Assay is used
    to confirm a positive ELISA
91
Q

Western blot test

A
  • Produces more accurate results
    than ELISA
92
Q

Biological therapy

A

Involves either stimulating or
repressing the immune response

93
Q

Treatment of cancers

A

Immunotherapy stimulates the immune
response to fight the malignancy

94
Q

Treatment of allergies

A

*Immunotherapy represses the body’s
sensitivity to a particular allergen
* Repress means to decrease or stop a
normal response
* Treatment known as allergy
desensitization or allergen
immunotherapy

95
Q

Synthetic immunoglobulins (immune serum)

A

Used as a post-exposure preventive measure against certain viruses

96
Q

Synthetic interferon

A

Used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, hepatitis C, and some cancer

97
Q

Monoclonal antibodies

A

*Antibodies produced in the laboratory by identical offspring of a clone of
specific cells
* Used to enhance a patient’s immune response to certain malignancies,
including non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, melanoma, breast cancer, and colon
cancer

98
Q

Antiretroviral therapy

A

(ART)
 Sometimes referred to as a treatment
regimen
 Often more than one drug must be taken
in combination with each other

99
Q

Medications to prevent HIV
transmission

A
  • Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP): daily
    preventative drug for people at high risk
    *Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP): for
    people with suspected or confirmed HIV
    exposur
100
Q

Immunosuppression

A

Represses or interferes with the ability of the immune system to
respond to stimulation by antigen

101
Q

Immunosuppressant

A

*Prevents or reduces the body’s normal immune response
* Administered to prevent rejection of donor tissue and to depress autoimmune
disorder

102
Q

Corticosteroid drug

A

Synthetic hormone that closely resembles the cortisol secreted by the adrenal
glands

103
Q

Cytotoxic drug

A

Medication that kills or damages cells
* Used as immunosuppressants or as antineoplastics

104
Q

cancer

A

Class of diseases characterized by uncontrolled division
of cells and ability of these cells to invade other tissues

105
Q

metastasize

A
  • Spread from one place to another
  • The most common sites of metastatic tumors are the bones, liver, and
    lungs
106
Q

Metastasis

A

Process by which cancer is spread to a new site
* Also used to describe the tumor itself

107
Q

oncology

A

Study of prevention, causes, and treatment of tumors
and cancer

108
Q

Tumors (neoplasm)

A

Abnormal growth of body tissue
* Benign tumor (not cancerous, but can cause damage)
* Malignant tumor (cancerous)

109
Q

Angiogenesis

A

Tumor supports its growth by creating its own blood supply

110
Q

Antiangiogenesis

A

Treatment that disrupts the blood supply to the tumor

111
Q

carcinomas

A

*Malignant tumor that occurs in
epithelial tissue
*Tends to infiltrate and produce metastases

112
Q

Carcinoma in situ

A

*Malignant tumor in its original position
*Has not yet disturbed or invaded the surrounding tissues

113
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

*One of a large group of carcinomas derived from glandular tissue

114
Q

Sarcomas

A

*Malignant tumor in connective tissues
*Hard-Tissue Sarcoma (bone/cartilage)
*Soft-Tissue Sarcoma
*Muscle, fat, blood, lymphatic vessels

115
Q

Lymphoma

A
  • Malignancies affecting lymphoid tissue
116
Q

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

*Cancer of immune system
* Distinguished by the presence of large,
cancerous lymphocytes

117
Q

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A
  • More common type
  • Refers to all lymphomas other than Hodgkin’s
  • Originate in Lymphocytes
  • Can be either aggressive or indolent
118
Q

Breast cancer

A

Develops from breast cells, and may metastasize to lymph nodes and other body sites

119
Q

BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes

A

Abnormal genes carrying higher risk of breast, ovarian, and certain other cancers

120
Q

Ductal carcinoma in sit

A

Breast cancer at its earliest stag

121
Q

Inflammatory breast cancer

A
  • Aggressive form of breast cancer
  • Cancer cells block lymphatic vessels in the skin of the breast
  • Cannot be detected by mammography
122
Q

Male breast cancer

A

May occur in small amount of breast tissue normally present in men

123
Q

Detection of breast cancer

A

breast self-examination
palpation of the breast
mammography
Needle breast biopsy
ultrasound
molecular breast imaging
surgical biopsy
sentinel node biopsy
lymph node dissection

124
Q

Lumpectomy

A

Removal of only the cancerous tissue with surrounding
margin of normal tissue

125
Q

Mastectomy (mast: breast; -ectomy: surgical
removal)

A

Removal of breast and nipple
* May be radical or modified radica

126
Q

Cancer Treatments

A

surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, adjuvant therapy, clinical trials

127
Q

tox/o

A

toxic

128
Q

anti-

A

against

129
Q

phag/o

A

eat, swallow

130
Q

sarc/o

A

flesh, connective tissue

Medical Terminology (5 decks)

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