Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

pe taylor > respiratory system > Flashcards

respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

why does the body need oxygen?

A

oxygen allows cells to break down glucose into energy molecules called ATP to produce energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

muscles involved with inspiration at rest

A
  • diaphragm
  • external intercostal muscles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

muscles involved with inspiration during exercise

A
  • diaphragm
  • external intercostal muscles
  • scalenes
  • pectoralis major
  • sternocleidomastoid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

respiration

A

the process of transferring energy from glucose which goes on in every cell by taking in oxygen and removing carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

function of alveoli

A

tiny air sacs across which gases are exchanged between the blood and the air in the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

structures of alveoli that help gas exchange

A

thin walls (1 cell thick) - short diffusion pathway
extensive capillary network - excellent blood supply
large surface area - millions of alveoli in each lung, greater oxygen uptake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

pathway of oxygen

A

nose/mouth
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

ventilation

A

movement of air in and out of the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

internal respiration

A

exchange of gases between blood and cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

external respiration

A

exchnage of gases between lung and blood - removing co2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

process of inspiration

A
  1. External intercostal muscles contract
  2. Ribs lift up and out sternum forward
  3. Diaphragm forced down and contracts with EIC, pectoral and sternocloidmastoid
  4. Chest expansion in all directions
  5. Overall increase in size of thoarcic cavity an decrease in pressure in the lungs
  6. Pressure in lungs lower then the atmosphere
  7. Air is drawn into lungs - O2 and CO2 exchange through capillaries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

process of expiration

A
  1. Internal intercostal muscles relax
  2. Diaphragm extends upwards
  3. Ribs and sternum moves down and in
  4. Decreased size of thoarcic cavity
  5. Pressure in lungs is increased
  6. Pressure in lungs greater then the atmosphere
  7. Air is forced out of lungs - CO2 is removed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

where does air move in the lungs?

A
  • moves from high partial pressure to low partial pressure through the process of diffusion
  • oxygen from alveoli to capillary
  • carbon dioxide from capillary to alveoli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

tidal volume

A

volume of air breathed in and our per breath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal inhalation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

amunt of air that can be forcefully exhaled fter a normal exhalation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

residual volume

A

amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

minute ventilation

A

volume of air breathed in and our per minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

spirometer

A

device used to measure the volume of air inspired and expired by lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

gaseous exchange

A

the delivery of oxygen from the lungs to the bloodstream, and the elimination of carbon dioxide from the bloodstream to the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

describe gaseous exchange in terms of partial pressure in the lungs with movement of oxygen

A
  • oxygen is in high partial pressure in the lungs (100mmHg)
  • lower partial pressure in the capillaries (40mmHg)
  • oxygen diffuses from the high partial pressure in the lungs to a low partial pressure in the capillaries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

describe gaseous exchange in terms of partial pressure in the lungs with movement of carbon dioxide

A
  • carbon dioxide is in high partial pressure in the capillaries (46mmHg)
  • low partial pressure in the alveoli (40mmHg)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

describe gaseous exchange at the muscles for both oxygen and carbon dioxide

A
  • oxygen moves from a high partial pressure in the blood vessels (104mmHg), to a low partial pressure in the muscle tissue (40mmHg)
  • carbon dioxide moves from a high partial pressure in the muscle tissue (46mmHg) to a low partial pressure (40mmHg)
  • both through the process of diffusion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

movement of air into and out of the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

how is pulmonary ventilation regulated

A
  • neural control
  • chemical control
  • hormonal control
26
Q

what 2 factors are involved with the regulation of pulmonary ventilation

A
  • neural control with nervous system
  • chemical control with blood acidity
27
Q

how do neural + chemical control work together

A
  • neural involves the brain and nervous system
  • chemical involves blood acidity
  • acidity increases, brain informed send impulses to increase breathing
28
Q

name the 2 nervous systems

A

sympathetic
parasympathetic

29
Q

respiratory centre location/purpose

A

located in the medulla oblongata
controls the rate + depth of breathing

30
Q

what causes an increased inspiratory rate

A

increase conc of carbon dioxide in the blood

31
Q

what are the 2 parts of the respiratory

A

inspiratory reserve
expiratory reserve

32
Q

function of inspiratory reserve

A
  • sends out nerve impulses via the phrenic nerve to the inspiratory muscles (external intercostal and diaphragm)
  • causes them to contract, stimulation for 2 seconds, then the impulse will stop
  • expiration will occur due to elastic recoil
33
Q

what products increase chemical chnage in the blood

A

carbon dioxie
lactic acid

34
Q

factors that effect neural control of breathing (3)

A

mechanical factors - proprioceptors
baroreceptors - decrease blood pressure
stretch receptors

35
Q

what detects chemical changes in the blood

A

chemoreceptors

36
Q

chemoreceptors location

A

found in carotid artery and aortic arch

37
Q

purpose of chemoreceptors

A

to send impulses to the inspiratory centre to increase ventilation until the blood acidity has returned back to normal (respond to increased lactic acid

38
Q

how do chemoreceptors complete their function

A

they do this by sending impulses down the phrenic nerve to stimulate inspiratory muscles such as sternocloidmastoid or pectorals major, causing breathing to increase

39
Q

what mechanical factors help the control of breathing

A

proprioreceptors increase breathing rate during exercise as they are found in muscle and body tissue and can detect increase in the amount of muscular movement

40
Q

baroreceptors function

A
  • detect a decrease in the blood pressure in the aorta
  • caratoid arteries which will cause and increase in breathing rate
41
Q

stretch receptors function

A

when the lungs become more stretched they prevent the over inflation of the lungs by sending impulses to the expiratory centre and down the intercostal nerve to expiratory muscles so that expiration can occur

42
Q

order of neural and chemical control of inspiration

A
  1. receptors
  2. medulla oblongata
  3. phrenic nerve
  4. diaphragm and external intercostals contract
  5. increase rate and depth of breathing
43
Q

order of neural and chemical control of expiration

A
  1. stretch receptors
  2. medulla oblongata
  3. intercostal nerve
  4. abdominals and intercostals
  5. increase expiration
44
Q

partial pressure

A

the pressure exerted by and individual gas when it is in a mixture of gasses

45
Q

how gas exchange operates at the muscle

A
  • oxygen diffuses into the capillaries from the alveoli
  • is taken to the muscle tissue where oxygen is in high partial pressure (100mmHg)
  • moves from this high concentration to a low partial pressure (40mmHg) through the process of diffusion
  • carbon dioxide moves out through diffusion (46mmHg) to (40mmHg) in the blood vessels through diffusion
  • oxygen will get turned into myoglobin and co2 will be dissolved in the blood plasma
46
Q

how does exercise effect minute ventilation

A

increased breathing rate as high intensity exercise requires more oxygen

47
Q

how are bronchi/bronchioles held open

A

rings of cartilage

48
Q

how does TV, IRV, ERV, MV, and RV change during exercise

A
  • TV increases
  • IRV decreases
  • ERV slightly decreases
  • MV big increase
  • RV remains the same
49
Q

how much air do we inspire and expire at rest?

A

0.5l

50
Q

how much air do we breathe in and out in one minute?

A

12 x 0.5 = 6l

51
Q

purpose of adrenaline

A

made in the adrenal gland and responds to exercise by increasing heart rate and breathing rate

52
Q

how is adrenaline released

A

brain sends an impulse to renal glands which pump adrenaline into the blood in anticipation of exercise

53
Q

how does smoking effect respiratory system

A
  • irritation of the trachea and bronchi
  • reduces lung function
  • damages cilia
  • excess mucus build up due to cilia loss
  • damaged alveoli as they break down and clump together forming larger air sacs
  • reduces oxygen carrying capacity of the alveoli
54
Q

during exercise the demand for oxygen by the muscles increases, how does an increase in blood carbon dioxide change breathing rate?

A
  • increase in co2 detected by the chemoreceptors
  • sends nerve impulses to the respiratory centre in the medulla
  • medulla sends impulses along the phrenic nerve
  • which increases contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostals, increasing breathing
55
Q

explain how oxygen diffuses from the lungs into the blood and how it is transported into tissues?

A
  • diffusion is the movement of molecules from high partial pressure to low partial pressure
  • alveoli have a short diffusion pathway
  • high o2 conc in the alveoli and low in the capillaries to it moves from alveoli to the blood
  • oxygen combines the haemoglobin and is transported
  • some oxygen dissolves with blood plasma
56
Q

how is breathing rate regulated by the body to meet the increasing demands of exercise?

A
  • increased co2 in the blood
  • detected by the chemoreceptors found in the aortic arch or caratoid arteries
  • impulse is sent to the medulla oblongata
  • sends impulse down phrenic nerve
    -to cause deeper and faster breathing
57
Q

a-vO2 difference

A
  • difference in oxygen content of aterial and venous blood
  • so more oxygen is extracted by the muscles
58
Q

explain the causes of Bohr shift and how it increases oxygen delivery to the working muscles?

A
  • caused by an increase in co2 in the blood or increased temperature
  • this means that the curve shifts to the right
  • therefore more oxygen is dissociated from the haemoglobin
59
Q

identify one physiological effect of smoking on the respiratory system and explain its impact on performance?

A
  • carbon monoxide binds to haemoglobin rather than oxygen
  • nicotine restricts the bronchioles
  • damages the cilia
  • reduction is functioning cilia
  • therefore reduced gaseous exchange in the lungs
  • this decreases there ability of the athlete to use oxygen and thus have less energy available for their activity
60
Q

describe how breathing rate is controlled to meet the demands of changing levels of exercise?

A

A. anticipation of exercise - adrenaline released
B. increased depth and rate of breathing
C. exercise - Increased levels of carbon dioxide / acidity (in blood) detected by chemoreceptors
D. movements detected by proprioceptors / mechanoreceptors
E. decrease in blood pressure detected by baroreceptors
F. nerve impulses to (respiratory centre) in medulla
G. increased sympathetic / phrenic nerve impulses

61
Q

describe how poor lifestyle choices may affect the respiratory system.

A

A. lack of exercise / poor diet - reduced cardio-vascular endurance - inefficient gas exchange
B. smoking - increased breathlessness / damages cells lining trachea, bronchi and bronchioles
C. excess mucus - smoker’s cough
D. breaks down alveolar walls - reduces efficiency of gaseous exchange
E. oxygen transport affected - carbon monoxide from cigarettes combines with haemoglobin in red blood cells more readily than oxygen - reduces oxygen-carrying capacity of blood
F. Rreduced stamina / cardio-respiratory endurance

pe taylor (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions