respiratory system Flashcards
why does the body need oxygen?
oxygen allows cells to break down glucose into energy molecules called ATP to produce energy
muscles involved with inspiration at rest
- diaphragm
- external intercostal muscles
muscles involved with inspiration during exercise
- diaphragm
- external intercostal muscles
- scalenes
- pectoralis major
- sternocleidomastoid
respiration
the process of transferring energy from glucose which goes on in every cell by taking in oxygen and removing carbon dioxide
function of alveoli
tiny air sacs across which gases are exchanged between the blood and the air in the lungs
structures of alveoli that help gas exchange
thin walls (1 cell thick) - short diffusion pathway
extensive capillary network - excellent blood supply
large surface area - millions of alveoli in each lung, greater oxygen uptake
pathway of oxygen
nose/mouth
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli
ventilation
movement of air in and out of the lungs
internal respiration
exchange of gases between blood and cells
external respiration
exchnage of gases between lung and blood - removing co2
process of inspiration
- External intercostal muscles contract
- Ribs lift up and out sternum forward
- Diaphragm forced down and contracts with EIC, pectoral and sternocloidmastoid
- Chest expansion in all directions
- Overall increase in size of thoarcic cavity an decrease in pressure in the lungs
- Pressure in lungs lower then the atmosphere
- Air is drawn into lungs - O2 and CO2 exchange through capillaries
process of expiration
- Internal intercostal muscles relax
- Diaphragm extends upwards
- Ribs and sternum moves down and in
- Decreased size of thoarcic cavity
- Pressure in lungs is increased
- Pressure in lungs greater then the atmosphere
- Air is forced out of lungs - CO2 is removed
where does air move in the lungs?
- moves from high partial pressure to low partial pressure through the process of diffusion
- oxygen from alveoli to capillary
- carbon dioxide from capillary to alveoli
tidal volume
volume of air breathed in and our per breath
inspiratory reserve volume
amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal inhalation
expiratory reserve volume
amunt of air that can be forcefully exhaled fter a normal exhalation
residual volume
amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration
minute ventilation
volume of air breathed in and our per minute
spirometer
device used to measure the volume of air inspired and expired by lungs
gaseous exchange
the delivery of oxygen from the lungs to the bloodstream, and the elimination of carbon dioxide from the bloodstream to the lungs
describe gaseous exchange in terms of partial pressure in the lungs with movement of oxygen
- oxygen is in high partial pressure in the lungs (100mmHg)
- lower partial pressure in the capillaries (40mmHg)
- oxygen diffuses from the high partial pressure in the lungs to a low partial pressure in the capillaries
describe gaseous exchange in terms of partial pressure in the lungs with movement of carbon dioxide
- carbon dioxide is in high partial pressure in the capillaries (46mmHg)
- low partial pressure in the alveoli (40mmHg)
describe gaseous exchange at the muscles for both oxygen and carbon dioxide
- oxygen moves from a high partial pressure in the blood vessels (104mmHg), to a low partial pressure in the muscle tissue (40mmHg)
- carbon dioxide moves from a high partial pressure in the muscle tissue (46mmHg) to a low partial pressure (40mmHg)
- both through the process of diffusion
pulmonary ventilation
movement of air into and out of the lungs
how is pulmonary ventilation regulated
- neural control
- chemical control
- hormonal control
what 2 factors are involved with the regulation of pulmonary ventilation
- neural control with nervous system
- chemical control with blood acidity
how do neural + chemical control work together
- neural involves the brain and nervous system
- chemical involves blood acidity
- acidity increases, brain informed send impulses to increase breathing
name the 2 nervous systems
sympathetic
parasympathetic
respiratory centre location/purpose
located in the medulla oblongata
controls the rate + depth of breathing
what causes an increased inspiratory rate
increase conc of carbon dioxide in the blood
what are the 2 parts of the respiratory
inspiratory reserve
expiratory reserve
function of inspiratory reserve
- sends out nerve impulses via the phrenic nerve to the inspiratory muscles (external intercostal and diaphragm)
- causes them to contract, stimulation for 2 seconds, then the impulse will stop
- expiration will occur due to elastic recoil
what products increase chemical chnage in the blood
carbon dioxie
lactic acid
factors that effect neural control of breathing (3)
mechanical factors - proprioceptors
baroreceptors - decrease blood pressure
stretch receptors
what detects chemical changes in the blood
chemoreceptors
chemoreceptors location
found in carotid artery and aortic arch
purpose of chemoreceptors
to send impulses to the inspiratory centre to increase ventilation until the blood acidity has returned back to normal (respond to increased lactic acid
how do chemoreceptors complete their function
they do this by sending impulses down the phrenic nerve to stimulate inspiratory muscles such as sternocloidmastoid or pectorals major, causing breathing to increase
what mechanical factors help the control of breathing
proprioreceptors increase breathing rate during exercise as they are found in muscle and body tissue and can detect increase in the amount of muscular movement
baroreceptors function
- detect a decrease in the blood pressure in the aorta
- caratoid arteries which will cause and increase in breathing rate
stretch receptors function
when the lungs become more stretched they prevent the over inflation of the lungs by sending impulses to the expiratory centre and down the intercostal nerve to expiratory muscles so that expiration can occur
order of neural and chemical control of inspiration
- receptors
- medulla oblongata
- phrenic nerve
- diaphragm and external intercostals contract
- increase rate and depth of breathing
order of neural and chemical control of expiration
- stretch receptors
- medulla oblongata
- intercostal nerve
- abdominals and intercostals
- increase expiration
partial pressure
the pressure exerted by and individual gas when it is in a mixture of gasses
how gas exchange operates at the muscle
- oxygen diffuses into the capillaries from the alveoli
- is taken to the muscle tissue where oxygen is in high partial pressure (100mmHg)
- moves from this high concentration to a low partial pressure (40mmHg) through the process of diffusion
- carbon dioxide moves out through diffusion (46mmHg) to (40mmHg) in the blood vessels through diffusion
- oxygen will get turned into myoglobin and co2 will be dissolved in the blood plasma
how does exercise effect minute ventilation
increased breathing rate as high intensity exercise requires more oxygen
how are bronchi/bronchioles held open
rings of cartilage
how does TV, IRV, ERV, MV, and RV change during exercise
- TV increases
- IRV decreases
- ERV slightly decreases
- MV big increase
- RV remains the same
how much air do we inspire and expire at rest?
0.5l
how much air do we breathe in and out in one minute?
12 x 0.5 = 6l
purpose of adrenaline
made in the adrenal gland and responds to exercise by increasing heart rate and breathing rate
how is adrenaline released
brain sends an impulse to renal glands which pump adrenaline into the blood in anticipation of exercise
how does smoking effect respiratory system
- irritation of the trachea and bronchi
- reduces lung function
- damages cilia
- excess mucus build up due to cilia loss
- damaged alveoli as they break down and clump together forming larger air sacs
- reduces oxygen carrying capacity of the alveoli
during exercise the demand for oxygen by the muscles increases, how does an increase in blood carbon dioxide change breathing rate?
- increase in co2 detected by the chemoreceptors
- sends nerve impulses to the respiratory centre in the medulla
- medulla sends impulses along the phrenic nerve
- which increases contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostals, increasing breathing
explain how oxygen diffuses from the lungs into the blood and how it is transported into tissues?
- diffusion is the movement of molecules from high partial pressure to low partial pressure
- alveoli have a short diffusion pathway
- high o2 conc in the alveoli and low in the capillaries to it moves from alveoli to the blood
- oxygen combines the haemoglobin and is transported
- some oxygen dissolves with blood plasma
how is breathing rate regulated by the body to meet the increasing demands of exercise?
- increased co2 in the blood
- detected by the chemoreceptors found in the aortic arch or caratoid arteries
- impulse is sent to the medulla oblongata
- sends impulse down phrenic nerve
-to cause deeper and faster breathing
a-vO2 difference
- difference in oxygen content of aterial and venous blood
- so more oxygen is extracted by the muscles
explain the causes of Bohr shift and how it increases oxygen delivery to the working muscles?
- caused by an increase in co2 in the blood or increased temperature
- this means that the curve shifts to the right
- therefore more oxygen is dissociated from the haemoglobin
identify one physiological effect of smoking on the respiratory system and explain its impact on performance?
- carbon monoxide binds to haemoglobin rather than oxygen
- nicotine restricts the bronchioles
- damages the cilia
- reduction is functioning cilia
- therefore reduced gaseous exchange in the lungs
- this decreases there ability of the athlete to use oxygen and thus have less energy available for their activity
describe how breathing rate is controlled to meet the demands of changing levels of exercise?
A. anticipation of exercise - adrenaline released
B. increased depth and rate of breathing
C. exercise - Increased levels of carbon dioxide / acidity (in blood) detected by chemoreceptors
D. movements detected by proprioceptors / mechanoreceptors
E. decrease in blood pressure detected by baroreceptors
F. nerve impulses to (respiratory centre) in medulla
G. increased sympathetic / phrenic nerve impulses
describe how poor lifestyle choices may affect the respiratory system.
A. lack of exercise / poor diet - reduced cardio-vascular endurance - inefficient gas exchange
B. smoking - increased breathlessness / damages cells lining trachea, bronchi and bronchioles
C. excess mucus - smoker’s cough
D. breaks down alveolar walls - reduces efficiency of gaseous exchange
E. oxygen transport affected - carbon monoxide from cigarettes combines with haemoglobin in red blood cells more readily than oxygen - reduces oxygen-carrying capacity of blood
F. Rreduced stamina / cardio-respiratory endurance
