musculo-skeletal system Flashcards
agonist
muscle which controls the movement
agonist for eccentric knee flexion (occurs when lowering)
quadriceps
agonist for hip flexion
illiopsoas
agonist for horizontal adduction at the shoulder
pectorals/deltoid
agonist for knee extension
quadriceps
agonist for plantarflexion
gastrocnemius
agonist in elbow flexion in lowering phase of press up
tricep
anatomical position
an upright standing position with head, shoulders, chest, palms of hands, hips, knees and toes facing forward
ankle joint actions
- dorsi flexion
- plantar flexion
ankle joint: type and articulating bones
- hinge
- tibia, fibula and talus
antagonist
allows the movement to take place
antagonistic muscle action
as one muscle shortens to produce movement, another muscle lengthens to allow that movement to take place
antagonsitic pair for the elbow
bicep / tricep
articulating bones of the ankle
fibula, tibia and talus
articulating bones of the elbow
radius, ulna and humerus
articulating bones of the hip
pelvis + femur
articulating bones of the knee
femur + tibia
articulating bones of the shoulder
humerous + scapula
concentric contraction
a type of isotonic contraction that involved the muscle shortening while producing tension
dorsiflexion
raising the toes (ankle flexion)
eccentric
muscle lengthens as it contracts
elbow joint actions
flexion/ extension at the arm
elbow: joint type and articulating bones
hinge
humerous, radius, ulna
extension
increasing the angle between the bones of a joint
femur
the longest and thickest bone of the human skeleton
fibula
the outer and thinner of the two bones of the human leg between the knee and ankle
flexion
decreasing the angle between bones and joint
gastrocnemius
muscle in calf that causes plantar flexion
gluteals
at back of hip causing extension and hyperextension
hamstrings
back of thigh causing flexion at the knee
hinge joint
is found at the elbow, knee, ankle, and fingers, allows a joint to bend and straighten promoting rotation
hip - joint actions
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, horizontal abduction, horizontal adduction
hip - joint type and articulalting bones
ball and socket
femur, pelvis
hip flexors
muscles at the front of hip that causes hip flexion
hyperextension
increasing the angle between bones of a joint beyond 180°
isometric contraction
tension is produced in the muscle but there is no change in muscle length. it is a static contraction because the joint will stay in the same position
isotonic contraction
muscle changes length
knee joint actions
flexion/extension in leg
knee - joint type and articlating bones
hinge
tibia, femur
main agonist at the shoulder
deltoids
main agonist for hip movements
gluteals
plane and axis for abduction/adduction
frontal plane/sagittal axis
plane and axis for flexion/extension
saggital plane and transverse axis
plane and axis for horizontal flexion/extension
transverse plane plane and longitudinal axis
what role do the rotator cuff muscles play?
- improve the stability of the shoulder joint
- help to hold the head of the humerus in contact with the glenoid fossa of the scapula
- preventing the large muscle groups from displacing the head of the humerus during movement of the shoulder
ligaments
- these are very strong bands of tough fibrous tissue which are fixed to the bones in a joint
- they help to keep the joint in place, thus preventing dislocation
3 types of muscle fibres
Slow twitch fibres - Type 1. Fast Oxidative Glycolytic (FOG) - Type 2a. Fast Glycolytic (FG) - Type 2b.
myoglobin
carries oxygen within a muscle to mitochondria
what are the three responses to the muscular system?
- increased metabolism
- increased localised muscle temperature
- force production from fibre recruitment
what are the aerobic adaptations made to type I muscle fibres?
- increased myoglobin
- increased mitochondria
- decreased fat deposited in muscle belly
- increased muscle glycogen storea
- increased fat metabolism in muscle
explain how muscles can produce movement.
- muscles work in antagonistic pairs
- prime mover (agonist) creates a concentric contraction by shortening the muscle length and pulls on the moving bone
- meanwhile the antagonist allows the shortening to happen
agonist for horizontal flexion at the shoulder
pectorals
sagittal plane
divides the body to left and right
transverse plane
divides body into upper and lower parts
frontal plane
divides the body into front and back
longitudinal axis
imaginary line that passes through the body (joint) from top to bottom partners the horizontal plane
transverse axis
imaginary line that passes through thr body (joint) from left to right- partners the saigttal plane
sagittal axis
imaginary line that passes through the body (joint) from front to back- partners the frontal plane
