respiratory system

Question 1

where does the respiratory system start and what is the type of epithelium that lines it

Answer 1

nasal cavity and is line respiratory epithelium = cilitated pseudostratified respiratory epithelium with goblet cells

Question 2

what happens to the epithelium at the level of the bronchioles and alveoli

Answer 2

• bronchioles: the respiratory epithelium is replaced by cuboidal cells
• alveoli: simple squamous epithelium

Question 3

what is type of cells are found at the alveolar surface
THIS IS DEF A QUESTION

Answer 3

95% of the surface is covered by type I pneumocytes = squamous cells

5% is covered by type II pneumocytes = cuboidal

NOTE: there are 60% type II and 40% type 1. Type 1 just takes up more of the surface

Question 4

what is the function of the type II pneumocytes
THIS IS DEF A QUESTION

Answer 4

• secrete surfactant and take over clara cells
• also have immune function in the smaller bronchi and bronchioles

Question 5

what is function of type I pneumocyte
THIS IS DEF A QUESTION

Answer 5

squamous cells that play a role in gas exchange

Question 6

goblet cell function (2)

Answer 6

• secrete mucous that is responsible for trapping particles that enter the respiratory tract
• work with ciliated cells that move the trapped particles towards the nasopharynx

Question 7

what happens to goblet cells and mucous glands as you move down the respiratory tract

Answer 7

• they parallel eachother in which they terminate at the same time ( around the bronchiles)

Question 8

what happens to hyaline cartilage as you move down the respiratory tract

Answer 8

they are replaced by cartilage plates in the intracellular/pulmonary bronchi and disapear at bronchioles

Question 9

what happens to smooth muscles and elastic fibers as you move down the resp tract
THIS IS DEF A QUESTION

Answer 9

it increases in proportion!! and is till present at the level of the ALVEOLI
- HE SAYS HE MAY PUT A COMBINATION OF MUSCLES IN THE ANSWER CHOICE THE ANSWER IS ONLYYYYY SMOOTH MUSCLE !!!

Question 10

function of the lungs

Answer 10

allow gas exchange btwn blood and atmosphere

Question 11

what is the path/ branching of the pulmonary arteries for gas exchange
-what are the airways

Answer 11

pulmonary arteries» branch into arterioles» form capillaries that run together with airways
- airways are the bronchi&raquo_space;bronchioles>to the end of the respiratory bronchioles

Question 12

what is the difference between the conduction portion and respiratory portion of the resp system

Answer 12

• conducting portion ends at the terminal bronchiole
• terminal bronchiole accquires alveoli and becomes the RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLE

Question 13

what are septae

Answer 13

between the alveoli and contain capillaries for gas exchange

Question 14

what is the bronchial artery

Answer 14

supplies the lungs and pleura with oxygenated and nutrient filled blood
( note: the pulmonary artery goes to the lungs to get oxygenated)

Question 15

where do the pulmonary and bronchial artery merge
THIS IS DEF A QUESTION ON THE EXAM

Answer 15

• at the respiratory bronchiole!

Question 16

what structures can you find in both the digestive and resp tract

Answer 16

• lymphoid nodules
• goblet cells
• immunogobulins

Question 17

features that are charecteristic to resp tract only and what is the function

Answer 17

club cells and clara cells
- create surfactant and fight bacteria
HE DIDNT SAY BUT I FEEL LIKE THIS MAY BE A POSSIBLE QUESTION

Question 18

is IgA only found in the resp tract

Answer 18

NO, although its found here its also located throughout other places in the body

Question 19

what are true vocal folds lined by and why

Answer 19

• lined by non keratinized epithelium bc they are the only folds that move and change shape

Question 20

what muscle is found in the true vocal fold and why

Answer 20

vocalis muscle ( skeletal muscle) for the movement of the larynx

Question 21

what mucous glands are found on the false vocal folds ( vestibular fold) that are NOT found on the true vocal folds

Answer 21

• seromucous glands
  -not found on the true vocal folds bc it would impact their motility

Question 22

what are dust cells and where are they found
- what is their pathology in heart attacks

Answer 22

• macrophages found inside the alveoli
• they contain hemosiderin which phagocytose RBC that leave the circulation during a heart attack

Question 23

dust cells are also known as ___ ____ ____
- when are they considered this ?

Answer 23

heart failure cells when they contain hemosiderin whcih indicates that they have phagocytosed blood from a heart attack

Question 24

which cells can you see in emphysema

Answer 24

you can see heart failure cells (macrophages) when the CT in the septae is disrupted

Question 25

blood air barrier

Answer 25

formed by the fused basement membranes of the epithelial lining of alveoli( type I pneumocytes) and endothelium of non fenestrated cappilaries

Question 26

ways that virgil may describe the BAB

Answer 26

you can say it is formed by endothelial cell, endothelium, epithelium and their fused basement membrane
- can also say formed by fused epithelial layers etc

Question 27

• what is COPD

Answer 27

• disease that causes disrupted airflow in the lungs

Question 28

what 2 diseases make up copd

Answer 28

• emphysema - disruption of the alveolar septae
• bronchitis- inflamation