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histo exam 3 > endocrine system > Flashcards

endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

what is another term for the pituitary gland

A

hypophysis

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2
Q

how are endocrine glands different than exocrine

A

they are ductless and release hormones into interstitial tissue then pass to the blood are lymphatic circulation

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3
Q

what is the function of the pituitary gland ( hypophysis)

A
  • produces hormones to regulate growth, reproduction, and metabolism
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4
Q

what are the 2 branches of the pituitary gland

A

adenohypohphysis ( anterior pituitary)
and neurohypopysis (posterior pituitary)

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5
Q

What is the adenohypophysis made up of and what are the three subdivisions?

A
  • made of glandular epithelium
  • anterior lobe ( pars distalis)
  • intermidiate lobe ( pars intermedia):
  • largest lobe (pars tubularis): thin layer of CT surroounding the infundibular stalk
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6
Q

what is the neurohypophysis made up of and what are the 3 subdivisions?

A
  • made up of neural tissue
  • median eminenece: connects the the gland to the hyopthalmus
  • infundibular stalk ( where the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract runs)
  • pars nervosa
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7
Q

what is the neurohypophysis a direct extention of?
what does it do ?

A

neurohypophysis is a direct neuronal extention of the hypothalmus and it stores and releases hormones made by the hypothalmus

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8
Q

which are the hormones made by the hypo thalmus that the neurohypophysis secretes, via which layer?

how do they get the the neurohypohysis

A

pars nervosa - secretes oxytcoin and ADH ( vasopressin)
- they get transported to the neurohypopysis ( posterior pituotary) hypothalmic-hypophyseal tract made of unmyleinated axons

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9
Q

what are herring bodies

A
  • unique feature of the neurohypophysis and they contain aggregates of neurosecretory mateiral which are stored before release
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10
Q

how is the adenohypophysis different than the neurohypopysis?
what hormones are secreted by the adenohypophysis ( anterior pituitary)

A
  • it produces its own hormones in response to hypothalmic releasing hormones
  • FSH - follicle stimulating hormone
  • LH - lutinizing hormone
  • ACTH - adrenocorticotropic hormon)
  • TSH ( thyroid stimulating hormone)
  • GH - growth hormone
    -prolactin
  • basophils
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11
Q

what hormones do basophils release

A

FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH

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12
Q

what hormones do acidophils release

A

-prolactin
- endorphins
- GH

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13
Q

what are the hypothalmic releasing hormones that trigger the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary

A
  • GnRH - gonadotropin releasing hormone > stimulates the release of FSH and LH
  • TRH - thyrotropin releasing hormone» stimulates the relase of TSH
  • CRH - corticotropin releasing hormone> stimulates the release of ACTH
  • GRH- growth hormone releaseaing hormone&raquo_space; stimulates the release of GH
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14
Q

where is the adrenal gland located and what are the two subdivisions

A
  • located on the superior pole of the kindey
  • cortex and medulla
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15
Q

what is the function of the adrenal glands

A

regulates the stress response

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16
Q

what is the adrenal cortex stimulated by

A
  • stimulated by ACTH ( adrenocorticotropic hormone) released by the anterior pituitary and angiotensin 2 ( kidney)
17
Q

what types of hormones are released by the adrenal cortex and what are they?

A
  • releases gluccocorticoids ( cortisol): increases Blood glucos during long term stress
  • releases mineralcoticoids ( aldosterone): increases blood volume
  • androgens : male sex hormone
18
Q

what does ACTH and angiotensin 2 stimulate the release of

A

ACTH - gluccorticoids
angitoensin 2 - mineralcorticoids and androgens

19
Q

what is the adrenal medulla stimulated by
what type of stress does it deal with

A

the sympathetic ANS
- short term stress

20
Q

what types of hormones are realseased by the adrenal medulla and what are they

A
  • amino acid derived - catecholamines
  • epeinepherine / adrenaline and norepinephrine/ noradrenaline
21
Q

what are the layers of the adrenal cortex and what do

A

zona glomerulosa - mineralcorticoids ( aldosterone)
zona fasciuculata - gluccocorticoids (cortisol)
Zona reticularis - weak androgens

22
Q

what reaction do mineralcorticods ( aldosterone) cause

A
  • causes a reaction at the distal convoluted tubule in the kidney where it prompts the reabsorption of sodium.
23
Q

what do gluccocorticoids (cortisol) cause the inhibition of
THIS IS DEF A QUESTION

A

the immune response

24
Q

-How do hormones from the hypothalmus transported to the pars nervosa in the neurohpopysis
- what triggers the secretion of oxytocin and ADH/vasopressin from the pars nervosa

A
  • they are transported from the hypothalmaus via the hypothalamic - hypophysisal tract to the pars nervosa where they wait for an action potential to trigger their secretion
25
Q

hypophyseal portal system
- what are the components and functions

A

links the hypothalamus to the pars distalis
There are 2 capillary networks:
- the first capillary network form in the hypothalamus
- the second capillary network in the pars distalis
- a vein connects the 2 capillaries
- this allows the hypothalmic releasing hormones to travel to the pars distalis and to trigger the release of the hormones produced there

26
Q

what is the difference between the hypophyseal portal system and the hypothalamic - hypophyseal tract

A
  • the portal system allows for the hypothalamus to trigger the release of hormones produced by the adenohypysis by hypothalamic releasing hormone
  • the hypothalamic - hypophyseal tract allows the hormones produced by the hypothalamus to travel and be stored from the neurohypopysis.
27
Q

what is responsible for calcium homeostasis in the blood

A
  • parathyroid hormone - released when Ca is low they trigger osteoclasts that resorb bone and release Ca
  • calcitonin - produced by the thyroid gland and released by the parafolicular cells to decrease Ca via osteoblasts to form bone
28
Q

what are the median eminence and adrenal medulla derived from

A

neural tube???????

29
Q
  • which cells of the endocrine system are of neural origin
  • which have mesodermal origin?
A

-thyroid parafollicular cells, adrenal medula, pars nervosa, infundibular stalk, median eminence, pituitary, pineal gland
- adrenal cortex = mesoderm

30
Q

what is a thyroglossal duct cyst and what tissue is it made up of and what is lined with

A
  • occurs when the thyrodlossal duct does not degenerate and is made of thyroid tissue
  • lined with respiratory epithelium
31
Q

what is the pathway for increasing blood ca

A
  • PTH binds osteoblasts
  • increases RANKL expression
  • RANKL binds RANK on osteoclast precursor
  • Precursor is activated = osteoclast
  • osteoclasts resorb bone
32
Q

what is the pathway for decreasing blood ca

A
  • calcitonin inhibits osteoclasts
  • osteogenic cells become osteoblasts
  • they form bone and decrease ca

histo exam 3 (4 decks)

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