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histo exam 3 > bone > Flashcards

bone Flashcards

1
Q

what is woven bone ( non lamellar bone)
- features and location
- what is it also known as

A

features: irregular and random arrangement of cells and collagen that is lightly calcified
location: developing and growing bones, hard callus of bone fractures
- also know as immature or primary bone

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2
Q

what is the first bone to be produced and what is it replaced by?

A

woven bone and is replaced by lamellar bone

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3
Q

what is lamellar bone
- features and location
- what is it also known as

A
  • parallel bundles of collagen in thin layers (lamellae) with regular spaced cells between, heavily calcified
  • all normal regions of adult bone
  • mature - secondary bone
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4
Q

what is the first version of lamellar bone and what does it turn into?

A

first version is trabecular bone and is then remodeled ( not always) into compact bone

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5
Q

what is another term vergil may use for trabecular bone

A

cancellous/spongy bone

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6
Q

there are places in our organs where ______ bone is present and houses bone marrow

A

trabecular

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7
Q

where does hematopoiesis occur

A

in trabecular /spongy bone

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8
Q

what is compact bone
- features and location
- what is it also known as

A
  • parallel lamellae or densely packed osteons, with interstitial lamellae
  • thick, outer region ( beneath the periosteum) of bones
  • cortical bone
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9
Q

what percent of lamellar bone is compact bone

A
  • 80%
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10
Q

what is cancellous bone?
- features and location
- what is it also known as

A
  • interconnected thin spicules or trabeculae covered in endosteum,
  • inner region of bones, adjacent to marrow cavities
  • spongy, trabecular, medullary bone
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11
Q

bone anatomy:
what is the functional unit of cortical/compact bone

A

osteons - composed of tiny muli-layered cylinders

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12
Q

what are lamellae

A

layers of the osteon

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13
Q

what is at the center of the osteon and what is the function
What does it deliver nutrients to

A

Haversian canal - it is the nutritious central canal to which blood vessels and nerves run
- they deliver nutrients to the osteocytes

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14
Q

lacunae
-what is and what is present here

A

small spaces between lamellae that hold bone cells

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15
Q
  • which cells are responsible for forming bone
  • what do they get trapped in
  • what do they become when they are trapped
A
  • osteoblasts
  • get trapped in lacunae and mature into osteocytes
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16
Q

how do osteocytes communicate?
What do they have

A
  • through processes which have gap junctions
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17
Q

canaliculi

A

small channels that connect lacunae and haversian canal

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18
Q

where do the processes of osteocytes run through?
- how do these channels allow osteocytes to recieve nutrients

A

canaliculi which are made of CT that allow osteocytes to receive nutrients

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19
Q

volkmann’s canal

A

runs perpendicular to the osteons and connect the haversian canal to the periosteum ( outer layer of bone ), which provides nutrients

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20
Q

what is the major function of the volkman canna ( virgil says this is really important !!)

A
  • is the source of the creation of the vascular network in bone and allows for the migration of blood cells, once mature, out of trabecular bone.
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21
Q

what is the path of the volkmann canal

A

periosteum > compact> trabecular bone

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22
Q

what is the periosteum
- what are its layers

A
  • it is the vascularized dense IR CT that lines the compact/ corticol bone.
  • outer - collagen and blood vessels penetrate the volkmans canal
  • inner - osteoprogenitor cells
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23
Q

what part of the bone does periosteum not cover

A
  • covers bone except at the articular surface and the tendon/ligament insertions
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24
Q

what is endosteum

A
  • CT that lines the medullary cavity and cvities within the spongy bone of the epiphyses
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25
Q

what are the 3 types of lamellae in spongy bone

A
  • concentric lamellae
  • interstital lamellae
  • circumferential lamellae ( runs outside to inside of compact bone)
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26
Q

what are osteoclasts and where are they housed

A
  • giant multincleated cells that eat and resorb bone and bring Ca back into the blood
  • housed in howship lacunae
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27
Q

what are osteoblasts

A

growing cells which synthesize and secrete the organic components of the bone matrix

28
Q

signaling pathway through which osteoclasts are produced

A
  • PTH (para thyroid hormone) binds osteoblasts
  • this increases RANKL expression
  • RANKL binds RANK on the osteoclast precursor
  • activated to fuse with others and from osteoclasts
29
Q

signaling pathway for activation of osteoblasts

A
  • calcitonin inhibits osteoclasts resorption
  • and osteogenic cells of endosteum become osteoblasts
30
Q

where do cells in bone and cartilage originate from and what do they turn in to

A

they are derived from mesenchymal/ priomrdial CT cells and become chrondrogenic or osteogenic cells

31
Q

what do chrondrogenic cells further differentiate into

A

chrondroblasts that become trapped in lacunae and even further differentiate into chrondrocytes

32
Q

what do osteogenic cells further differentiate into

A

osteoblasts that become osteocytes when they become trapped in the bony matrix

33
Q

where do osteoblasts reside in the bone
-what is their activity here

A
  • they line the trabeculae and from the endostium
  • they are either active or not active here
34
Q

what is pagets disease ( DEF AN EXAM QUESTION)
- what are the biochemical indication

A
  • disease where there is abnormal resorption and deposition of bone
  • is an elevation in cerum alkaline phosphatase because this is a requirement for bone deposition
  • but regular calcium and phosphorus because bone is still being resorbed and deposited
35
Q

what is osteoid

A

is the orgnaic component of bone and contains all components of bone EXCEPT FOR MINERALS ( HYDROXYAPETITE)

36
Q

-what type of collagen makes up CT and Bone
- what type makes up Cartilage

A
  • fibrular type I collagen
  • type II collagen
37
Q

what type of cartilage makes up fibrocartilage and why

A
  • type I collagen bc it contains and chondrocytes and fibroblasts which secrete type I collagen.
38
Q

what are the 2 types of bone ossification

A
  • intramembraneous and endochondral ossification
39
Q

what is intramembraneous ossification
-which bones are formed this way

A
  • bone is generated directly from mesenchyme
  • flat bones such as the cranium , clavicle, and mandible are made this way
40
Q

what is endochondreal ossification
-what bones are formed this way

A
  • bone that is made from a cartilage mold
  • long bones are made this way
41
Q

Question that may be on exam: which of the following isint a characteristic of intramembranous ossification

A

answer will: made from a cartilage mold ( ITS NOT)

42
Q

what is the first type of bone that is deposited in endonchdral and intramembranous ossification?
- what does it turn into

A
  • both start with woven bone
  • woven bone> spongey bone> compact bone
43
Q

what are the two types of bone in long bones

A
  • compact (outside)
  • trabecular (inside)
44
Q

what types of growth do we see in long bones

A

aposiotional growth - growth from the outside - increases diameter
- interstital growth - from the inside-increases length

45
Q

what causes interstitial growth in long bone
- what is the zone called

A

the proliferative zone of chondrocytes at the epiphyseal growth plate

NOTE: entire bone made of catilage and is later replaced by bone except the articular cartilage

46
Q

what zone allows the bone to growth through interstial growth

A

zone of proliferation ( as mentioned earlier located in epiphyseal growth plate)

47
Q

In what structures do we see apositional growth
EXAM QUESTION

A

BONE and CARTILAGE

48
Q

simple bone cyst
- what are the charecterstics of the cavity
- what is it lined with

A

empty or fluid filled cavity with blood in the bone made up of a epithelial lining

49
Q

how does a fibroosteous lesion differ from normal trabecular bone
- in what other disease can you see these lesions

A
  • instead of having many cells of hematopoetic cell lines there is a mass of dense fibular CT that is usually benign
  • pagets disease
50
Q

osseous ( or cartilagenous) choristoma
THIS IS DEF A QUESTION

A
  • in soft tissue such as tongue
    -normal cartilage in a abnormal place
51
Q

can the normal appearance of bone or any material still be diseased ?
what is a pathological example

A

YESSSSS
ex) osseous choristoma its normal cartilage but diseased bc in a abnormal spot

52
Q

chroistoma vs hamartoma

A

choristoma- tummor like mass made of normal mass in a different location

hamartoma- is a tumor like disorganized malformation in a normal location

53
Q

bone vs cartilage in terms of vascularization
- where does the unvascularized tissue get nutrients from

A

bone is highly vascularized cartilage is not
- cartilage gets its nutrients from the perichondrium

54
Q

osteosarcoma
in what disease does this occur often

A
  • malignant tumor of the bone
  • occurs in higher frequency in people with pagets disease
55
Q

chondrosarcoma
THIS IS DEF A QUESTION

A
  • most common sarcoma in the jaw
56
Q

what is the outer covering of cartilage

A

perichondrium

57
Q

what cartilage does not have a perichondrium!!
THIS IS DEF A QUESTION

A
  • articular and fibrocartilage
58
Q

cartilage is ____ mineralized and bone ___ mineralized

A

not, is

59
Q

Joints: symphyses
- what is it and what is an example

A

a joint that has a thick pad of fibrocartilage between the thin articular cartilage covering the ends of the bones
- ex) intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis ( occur in the midline of the body)

60
Q

synovial joints (diarthrosis)

A

joints that fully move

61
Q

what are the two types of synovial joints
- give examples

A

simple : 2 articulating surfaces
ex ) knee and elbow
compound: 3 articulating surfaces
ex) TMJ

62
Q

do synovial joints ( diarthroses) have cartilage?? if so do they have an outer covering?

A

yes
- no, dont have a perichondrium

63
Q

what is the synovial membrane

A
  • highly vascularized and innervated membrane that encases the synovial joint
64
Q

what are the cell types that make up the synovial membrane

A
  • Type A : monocyte derived macrophage type cells that remove wear and tear debris from synovial fluid
  • type B: fibroblastic synovial cells that produce proteoglycans that produce the synovial fluid from the blood to provide chondrocytes with nutrients and lubrication for the joint
65
Q

how do type A cells appear in a histological image and what may they be mistaken for?

A

they are aggregated together and may be confused for epithelial cells .
- they dont lay on a basement membrane and DONT form intercellular junctions

66
Q

what are the components of the TMJ
THIS IS DEF A QUESTION

A
  • nucleus pulposis is NOT ( part of the intervertebral disc)
  • lateral pterygoid
  • articular disc
  • articular eminence
  • articular capsule
  • glenoid fossa etc
67
Q

what is disc displacement

A

malfunction of the retrodiscal tissue where it replaces the articular disc

histo exam 3 (4 decks)

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