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respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

passageway of air

A

atmosphere
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli

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2
Q

function of the respiratory system

A

pulmonary ventilation
gaseous exchange
- external respiration
- internal respiration

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3
Q

gas transport
oxygen

A

oxygen is carried in the bloodstream from the alveoli to the body tissues to produce energy aerobically
carried by red blood cells in the haemoglobin
carried in blood plasma

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4
Q

gas transport
carbon dioxide

A

waste product of aerobic respiration must be removed from respiring tissues and transported to the alveoli
70% dissolved in blood
23% carried with hemoglobin
7% dissolved in blood plasma

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5
Q

breathing rate definition

A

amount of times you inspire/ expire per minute

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6
Q

average breathing rate

A

12-15

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7
Q

breathing rate in response to exercise

A

increases in proportion to exercise intensity until we approach our maximum of 50-60 per minute
in sub-maximal activity BR can plateau as 02 matches 02 demand from muscles

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8
Q

tidal volume definition

A

volume of air inspired or expired in one breath

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9
Q

what does tidal volume depend on

A

lung size
age
gender
fitness

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10
Q

average tidal volume

A

500ml per breath

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11
Q

what effect does exercise have on tidal volume

A

increases initially in proportion to exercise intensity up to approx 3 liters
during sub-maximal exercise it can reach a plateau when 02 supply matches 02 demand

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12
Q

minute ventilation definition

A

volume of air inspired or expired per minute

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13
Q

minute ventilation equation

A

breathing rate x tidal volume

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14
Q

how is minute ventilation effected by exercise

A

initial increase due to adrenaline release before exercise
rapid increase at the start of exercise due to TV and BR increase
steady MV as 02 supply meets 02 demand
initially rapid an then more gradual decrease to resting levels

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15
Q

pulmonary ventilation definition

A

the inspiration and expiration of air

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16
Q

mechanics of inspiration at rest

A

2 main muscles
- external intercoastals (contract lifting the ribs and sternum up and out
-the diaphragm (contracts and flattens)

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17
Q

what happens during inspiration

A

lung volume increases lowering its partial pressure compared to outside the body.
all gases move from an area of high to low pressure so air rushes to the lungs

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18
Q

inspiration and partial pressure

A

lungs have lower partial pressure because there is the same amount of 02 particles but more room available

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19
Q

inspiration (rest)
volume of thoracic cavity

A

increases

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20
Q

inspiration (rest)
pressure in lung tissue

A

low to high

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21
Q

mechanics of inspiration during exercise

A

demand for 02 increases
external intercostals
diaphragm
sternocleidomastoid
pectoralis minor

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22
Q

inspiration (exercise)
movement of ribs and sternum

A

move up and out (rapid)

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23
Q

inspiration (exercise)
volume of thoracic cavity

A

increases

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24
Q

inspiration (exercise)
pressure in lung tissue

A

low to high

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25
Q

mechanics of expiration at rest

A

volume inside the lungs decrease, increasing the pressure above the pressure outside the body, so air is pushed out of the lungs

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26
Q

expiration (rest)
movement of ribs and sternum

A

down and in

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27
Q

expiration (rest)
muscles

A

external intercostals
diaphragm

28
Q

expiration (rest)
volume of thoracic cavity

A

decrease

29
Q

expiration (rest)
pressure in lung tissues

A

high to low

30
Q

mechanics of expiration during exercise

A

internal intercostals and rectus abdominal
this creates a greater down and inwards movement increasing pressure quicker than at rest, so breathing is increased

31
Q

expiration (exercise)
movement of ribs and sternum

A

down and in (rapid)

32
Q

expiration (exercise)
volume of thoracic cavity

A

decrease

33
Q

expiration (exercise)
pressure in lung tissue

A

high to low

34
Q

respiratory control centre

A

in the medulla responsible for respiratory regulation
receives info from the nerves and sends messages to change the rate of respiratory muscle contraction

35
Q

respiratory control centre
2 main centres

A

inspiratory
expiratory

36
Q

respiratory regulation at rest
inspiratory center

A

sends nerve impulses down the intercostal and phrenic nerves telling the external intercostals and diaphragm to contract

37
Q

respiratory regulation at rest
external center

A

will remain inactive as the natural relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostals is enough to complete expiration

38
Q

respiratory regulation during exercise

A

inform the inspiratory center which stimulates the diaphragm and external intercostals to work harder

39
Q

partial pressure

A

pressure exerted by an individual gas when it exists within a mixture of gases

40
Q

diffusion

A

movement of gas molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

41
Q

diffusion gradient

A

difference in areas of pressure from one side of the membrane to another

42
Q
A
43
Q

gaseous exchange definition

A

getting oxygen from the air into the lungs so it can diffuse into the blood and then the cells.
the removal of carbon dioxide form the blood

44
Q

why is alveoli good for gaseous exchange

A

wall are 1 cell thick - shorter diffusion pathway

45
Q

gaseous exchange at the alveoli

A

pp of 02 at the alveoli is higher than the pp of 02 in the capillary blood vessels
02 has been removed by the working muscles so concentration in the blood is lower and so is pp
o2 will diffuse from aleovli until blood pressure is equal

46
Q

blood in capillaries

A

high co2
low 02 (used up by working cells)

47
Q

what do all gases do

A

exert a pressure

48
Q

diffusion pathway of oxygen

A

alveoli - blood - muscles

49
Q

diffusion pathway of co2

A

muscles - blood - alveoli

50
Q

internal respiration

A

exchange of gases between blood and muscles

51
Q

external respiration

A

exchange of gases from the blood out to the lungs

52
Q

external respiration at rest

A

02 diffuses down diffusion gradient from alveoli to capillary, 02 associates to haemoglobin
c02 diffuses down gradient from capillafry to alveoli because there is lower partial pressure of co2 in blood capillary

53
Q

external respiration during exercise

A

02 demand increases, blood returning to lungs has higher co2 lower 02 concentration
02 diffusion gradient steepens more 02 diffuses from aveoli into the capillary

54
Q

internal respiration at rest

A

haemoglobin dissociates with 02 in the capillary, allowing it to diffuse into the muscle cells down a pressure gradient
c02 diffuses from the muscle cells into the capillary down a pressure gradient ensuring all c02 is removed from muscle cells

55
Q

internal respiration during exercise

A

more aerobic respiration taking place in muscle cells more c02 will be produced as waste product
concentration of co2 will reduce (but greater than at rest) creates steeper gradient so diffusion happens quicker

56
Q

dissociation of 02 from haemoglobin at rest

A

p02 in muscle tissue is 40mmhg
25% of oxygen has dissociated from the haemoglobin and has become available fro diffusion
leaves 75% of oxygen associated to haemoglobin in the bloodstream

57
Q

dissociation of 02 from haemoglobin during exercise

A

decreases pp02 in muscle cells to 15mmhg
75% of oxygen has dissociated from haemoglobin as is available for diffusion

58
Q

bohr shift

A

descirbes the dissociation of oxygen wit haemoglobin

59
Q

3 factors which increase bohr shift

A

increase in temperature
increase in co2 production
increase in production of lactic acid

60
Q

explanation of bohr shift

A

moves to the right
more oxygen dissociates as more o2 needed fro working muscles c02 concentration decreases
exercise increases pp of 02 decreases in muscle cells to 15mmHg
dissociation for diffusion

61
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

volume of air that can be inspired after normal breath

62
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

volume of air that can be expired after a normal breath

63
Q

residual volume

A

volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration

64
Q

How does a spirometer work ?

A
  • individual breathes in/out of a sealed chamber through a mouth piece
  • chamber then inflates and deflates as this happens
  • pen recorder traces the breathing movements onto a chart
  • breathing volume can be calculated
65
Q

how many oxygen molecules can haemoglobin carry

A

4

pe anatomy and physiology (5 decks)

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