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respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

passageway of air

A

atmosphere
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli

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2
Q

function of the respiratory system

A

pulmonary ventilation
gaseous exchange
- external respiration
- internal respiration

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3
Q

gas transport
oxygen

A

oxygen is carried in the bloodstream from the alveoli to the body tissues to produce energy aerobically
carried by red blood cells in the haemoglobin
carried in blood plasma

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4
Q

gas transport
carbon dioxide

A

waste product of aerobic respiration must be removed from respiring tissues and transported to the alveoli
70% dissolved in blood
23% carried with hemoglobin
7% dissolved in blood plasma

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5
Q

breathing rate definition

A

amount of times you inspire/ expire per minute

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6
Q

average breathing rate

A

12-15

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7
Q

breathing rate in response to exercise

A

increases in proportion to exercise intensity until we approach our maximum of 50-60 per minute
in sub-maximal activity BR can plateau as 02 matches 02 demand from muscles

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8
Q

tidal volume definition

A

volume of air inspired or expired in one breath

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9
Q

what does tidal volume depend on

A

lung size
age
gender
fitness

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10
Q

average tidal volume

A

500ml per breath

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11
Q

what effect does exercise have on tidal volume

A

increases initially in proportion to exercise intensity up to approx 3 liters
during sub-maximal exercise it can reach a plateau when 02 supply matches 02 demand

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12
Q

minute ventilation definition

A

volume of air inspired or expired per minute

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13
Q

minute ventilation equation

A

breathing rate x tidal volume

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14
Q

how is minute ventilation effected by exercise

A

initial increase due to adrenaline release before exercise
rapid increase at the start of exercise due to TV and BR increase
steady MV as 02 supply meets 02 demand
initially rapid an then more gradual decrease to resting levels

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15
Q

pulmonary ventilation definition

A

the inspiration and expiration of air

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16
Q

mechanics of inspiration at rest

A

2 main muscles
- external intercoastals (contract lifting the ribs and sternum up and out
-the diaphragm (contracts and flattens)

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17
Q

what happens during inspiration

A

lung volume increases lowering its partial pressure compared to outside the body.
all gases move from an area of high to low pressure so air rushes to the lungs

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18
Q

inspiration and partial pressure

A

lungs have lower partial pressure because there is the same amount of 02 particles but more room available

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19
Q

inspiration (rest)
volume of thoracic cavity

A

increases

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20
Q

inspiration (rest)
pressure in lung tissue

A

low to high

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21
Q

mechanics of inspiration during exercise

A

demand for 02 increases
external intercostals
diaphragm
sternocleidomastoid
pectoralis minor

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22
Q

inspiration (exercise)
movement of ribs and sternum

A

move up and out (rapid)

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23
Q

inspiration (exercise)
volume of thoracic cavity

A

increases

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24
Q

inspiration (exercise)
pressure in lung tissue

A

low to high

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25
mechanics of expiration at rest
volume inside the lungs decrease, increasing the pressure above the pressure outside the body, so air is pushed out of the lungs
26
expiration (rest) movement of ribs and sternum
down and in
27
expiration (rest) muscles
external intercostals diaphragm
28
expiration (rest) volume of thoracic cavity
decrease
29
expiration (rest) pressure in lung tissues
high to low
30
mechanics of expiration during exercise
internal intercostals and rectus abdominal this creates a greater down and inwards movement increasing pressure quicker than at rest, so breathing is increased
31
expiration (exercise) movement of ribs and sternum
down and in (rapid)
32
expiration (exercise) volume of thoracic cavity
decrease
33
expiration (exercise) pressure in lung tissue
high to low
34
respiratory control centre
in the medulla responsible for respiratory regulation receives info from the nerves and sends messages to change the rate of respiratory muscle contraction
35
respiratory control centre 2 main centres
inspiratory expiratory
36
respiratory regulation at rest inspiratory center
sends nerve impulses down the intercostal and phrenic nerves telling the external intercostals and diaphragm to contract
37
respiratory regulation at rest external center
will remain inactive as the natural relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostals is enough to complete expiration
38
respiratory regulation during exercise
inform the inspiratory center which stimulates the diaphragm and external intercostals to work harder
39
partial pressure
pressure exerted by an individual gas when it exists within a mixture of gases
40
diffusion
movement of gas molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
41
diffusion gradient
difference in areas of pressure from one side of the membrane to another
42
43
gaseous exchange definition
getting oxygen from the air into the lungs so it can diffuse into the blood and then the cells. the removal of carbon dioxide form the blood
44
why is alveoli good for gaseous exchange
wall are 1 cell thick - shorter diffusion pathway
45
gaseous exchange at the alveoli
pp of 02 at the alveoli is higher than the pp of 02 in the capillary blood vessels 02 has been removed by the working muscles so concentration in the blood is lower and so is pp o2 will diffuse from aleovli until blood pressure is equal
46
blood in capillaries
high co2 low 02 (used up by working cells)
47
what do all gases do
exert a pressure
48
diffusion pathway of oxygen
alveoli - blood - muscles
49
diffusion pathway of co2
muscles - blood - alveoli
50
internal respiration
exchange of gases between blood and muscles
51
external respiration
exchange of gases from the blood out to the lungs
52
external respiration at rest
02 diffuses down diffusion gradient from alveoli to capillary, 02 associates to haemoglobin c02 diffuses down gradient from capillafry to alveoli because there is lower partial pressure of co2 in blood capillary
53
external respiration during exercise
02 demand increases, blood returning to lungs has higher co2 lower 02 concentration 02 diffusion gradient steepens more 02 diffuses from aveoli into the capillary
54
internal respiration at rest
haemoglobin dissociates with 02 in the capillary, allowing it to diffuse into the muscle cells down a pressure gradient c02 diffuses from the muscle cells into the capillary down a pressure gradient ensuring all c02 is removed from muscle cells
55
internal respiration during exercise
more aerobic respiration taking place in muscle cells more c02 will be produced as waste product concentration of co2 will reduce (but greater than at rest) creates steeper gradient so diffusion happens quicker
56
dissociation of 02 from haemoglobin at rest
p02 in muscle tissue is 40mmhg 25% of oxygen has dissociated from the haemoglobin and has become available fro diffusion leaves 75% of oxygen associated to haemoglobin in the bloodstream
57
dissociation of 02 from haemoglobin during exercise
decreases pp02 in muscle cells to 15mmhg 75% of oxygen has dissociated from haemoglobin as is available for diffusion
58
bohr shift
descirbes the dissociation of oxygen wit haemoglobin
59
3 factors which increase bohr shift
increase in temperature increase in co2 production increase in production of lactic acid
60
explanation of bohr shift
moves to the right more oxygen dissociates as more o2 needed fro working muscles c02 concentration decreases exercise increases pp of 02 decreases in muscle cells to 15mmHg dissociation for diffusion
61
inspiratory reserve volume
volume of air that can be inspired after normal breath
62
expiratory reserve volume
volume of air that can be expired after a normal breath
63
residual volume
volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration
64
How does a spirometer work ?
- individual breathes in/out of a sealed chamber through a mouth piece - chamber then inflates and deflates as this happens - pen recorder traces the breathing movements onto a chart - breathing volume can be calculated
65
how many oxygen molecules can haemoglobin carry
4

pe anatomy and physiology (5 decks)

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