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pe anatomy and physiology > cardiovascular system > Flashcards

cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

the heart

A

pumps blood to deliver oxygen
responsible for transporting heat to the skin so a performer can cool down

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2
Q

4 chambers of the heart

A

left atrium
left ventricle
right atrium
right ventricle

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3
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

circuit that carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood back to heart
right side of heart

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4
Q

systematic circuit

A

carries oxygenated blood to rest of the body and deoxygenated blood back to the heart
left side of the heart

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5
Q

4 blood vessels

A

vena cava
pulmonary vein
pulmonary artery
aorta

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6
Q

vena cava

A

brings deoxygenated blood back to right atrium

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7
Q

pulmonary vein

A

delivers oxygenated blood to left atrium

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8
Q

pulmonary artery

A

leaves right ventricle with deoxygenated blood to go to lungs

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9
Q

aorta

A

leaves left ventricle with oxygenated blood leading to the body

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10
Q

valves

A

regulate blood flow by ensuring it moves in only 1 direction

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11
Q

conduction system

A

send electrical impulses to the cardiac muscle causing it to contract

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12
Q

stage 1 of conduction system

A

sino-atrial node located in the right atrium walls
generates electrical impulse which is passed through muscular walls causing them to contract
pace maker of the heart

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13
Q

stage 2 of conduction system

A

atrio ventricular node collects the impulse and delays it by 0.1s
allows atria to finish contracting
impulse released to HIS bundle

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14
Q

stage 3 of conduction system

A

the HIS bundle is located in the septum
splits the impulse into 2, ready to be distributed into each ventricle

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15
Q

stage 4 of conduction system

A

the bundle branches carry the impulse to the bottom of each ventricle

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16
Q

stage 5 of conduction system

A

the purkinje fibres distribute the impulse to the ventricles causing them to contract

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17
Q

oxygenated blood

A

blood cell
high proportion of oxygen
low co2

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18
Q

deoxygenated blood

A

blood cell
low proportion of oxygen
high co2

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19
Q

3 parts of the neural control system

A

chemoreceptors
baroreceptors
proprioceptor

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20
Q

chemoreceptors

A

detect chemical changes in the blood stream
higher co2= higher blood pressure= higher HR
found in aortic bridge and carotid

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21
Q

baroreceptors

A

inform ccc of increased blood pressure in blood vessel walls
increase/decrease below set point result in baroreceptors sending signals to medulla

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22
Q

proprioceptor

A

sensory nerve endings located in muscles, tendons, joints
inform ccc of motor activity

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23
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

increase HR

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24
Q

parasympathetic system

A

decrease HR

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25
Q

what does it mean if the cardiac cycle is myogenic

A

heat initiates its own muscle contractions automatically

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26
Q

cardiac output

A

quantity of blood pumped by heart per minute

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27
Q

hormonal control

A

adrenaline and noradrenaline are released which increase speed and force contraction which increases stroke volume
Speed up the speed of electrical activity in the heart which increases Hr.

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28
Q

stroke volume

A

volume of blood pumped out by the heart ventricles in each contraction

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29
Q

what does stroke volume depend on

A

venous return
elasticity of cardiac fibres

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30
Q

venous return

A

volume of blood returning to the heart via the veins
increase VR= increase SV

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31
Q

elasticity of cardiac fibres

A

degree of the stretch of cardiac tissue during diastole phase of cardiac cycle

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32
Q

starlings law

A

How stroke volume is dependent on venous return
With more blood returning to the heart, the ventricle walls stretch and eject a larger volume of blood per beat with a higher concentration

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33
Q

heart rate

A

number of times the heart beats per minute

34
Q

average HR

A

72bpm

35
Q

max HR

A

220- age

36
Q

maximal effort in sport

A

high intensity
anaerobic exercise
pushes a performer to their maximum

37
Q

sub-maximal effort in sport

A

low/moderate intensity
aerobic exercise

38
Q

term is someone’s HR is below 60

A

bradycardia

39
Q

factors that affect resting HR

A

genetics
gender
fitness

40
Q

cardiac hypertrophy

A

thickening of the muscle wall of the heart so it becomes bigger and stronger
stronger heart= more blood pumped

41
Q

HR response to exercise at sub-maximal effort

A

rapid increase in HR once exercise has begun
HR plateaus before an initial rapid decrease once exercise has stopped

42
Q

anaerobic HR zone

A

85-100%

43
Q

aerobic endurance

A

60-85%

44
Q

HR response to exercise at maximal effort

A

Rise in hr due to adrenaline before exercise (anticipatory rise)
No plateau due to intensity is always increasing
Hr constantly rising until exhaustion where it drops

45
Q

what is the septum

A

partition between the right side and the left side of the heart.
ensures oxygenated and deoxygenated blood dont mix

46
Q

what happens during atrial diastole

A

As the atria and ventricles relax, they expand which draws blood into the atria.
The pressure in the atria increases opening the AV
Blood then enter the atria.
Semi-lunar valves are closed to prevent blood from leaving the heart.

47
Q

what happens during atrial systole

A

atria contacts forcing the blood into the ventricles

48
Q

what is ventricular systole

A

ventricles contract which increases the pressure, closes the AV valves to prevent backflow into into atria.
semi-lunar valves are forced open

49
Q

equation for cardiac output

A

SV X HR

50
Q

what is hypertrophy

A

enlarged cardiac muscles as a result of exercise

51
Q

structural features of arteries

A

large layer of smooth muscle
small lumen
high pressure

52
Q

functions of arteries

A

transport blood away from heart
smooth muscle allows for vasodilation and vasoconstriction

53
Q

veins

A

valves which prevent backflow
large lumen
transports deoxygenated blood from the muscles and organs back to heart

54
Q

capillaries

A

thin, i cell thick
help with gaseous exchange and diffusion
helps waste exchange

55
Q

smooth muscle mechanism

A

layer of smooth muscle in vein wall
vasoconstricts to aid the movement of blood

56
Q

venous return mechanisms

A

skeletal muscle pump
respiratory pump
pocket valve
smooth muscle
gravity

57
Q

respiratory pump

A

muscles contract and relax during breathing in/out, pressure changes occur in the thoracic and abdominal cavities, compress nearly by veins and assist blood return to the heart

58
Q

Pocket valves

A

Located in veins
Prevent back flow of blood

59
Q

Smooth muscle

A

In vein wall
Venoconstricts to aid movement of blood

60
Q

Gravity

A

Helps blood return to the heart from upper body

61
Q

What does blood consist of

A

45% cells 55% plasma
Transports nutrients
Regulate body temperature

62
Q

Blood pooling

A

Blood sits in pocket valves,
Happens if stop exercising suddenly
Prevent do a cool down

63
Q

Vascular shunt mechanism

A

Redistribution of blood from one area of body to another

63
Q

Vasodilation

A

Arterioles dilate
Allows maximum blood flow through capillary bed

64
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Constricts limiting blood flow through capillary beds

65
Q

Pre- capillary sphincters

A

Rings of smooth muscle that can contract and dilate which controls blood flow through capillary beds

66
Q

What happens when sphincters vasodilate

A

More blood travels through capillary bed at once,
increase surface area for gaseous exchange

67
Q

What controls the vascular shunt mechanism

A

Vasomotor control centre

68
Q

CCC

A

cardiac control centre

69
Q

Thermorecepters

A

Detect an increase in blood temperature and inform the CCC

70
Q

Formulae for blood pressure

A

Blood flow x resistance

71
Q

When is blood at high pressure

A

Heart contracts

72
Q

Typical blood flow reading

A

120mmhg/80
Top number = systole
Bottom number = diastole

73
Q

What helps assist disassociation of blood

A

Temperature increase
Blood PH drops
Partial pressure of co2 increases

74
Q

Transportation of oxygen during exercise

A

Diffuses into the capillaries supplying skeletal muscles
79% combines with hemoglobin forming oxyhaemoglobin

75
Q

Haemoglobin

A

Carry 4 oxygen molecules
Occurs when high pressure of oxygen in blood
Muscle - oxygen stored by myoglobin for mitochondria
Fissures - oxygen released from haemoglobin due to low pressure of oxygen

76
Q

Heart disease

A

Coronary arteries become blocked or start to narrow by fatty acids

77
Q

Causes of heart disease

A

Lack of exercise
Smoking

78
Q

Stroke

A

Blood supply to the brain is cut off, brain cells start to die

79
Q

Types of stokes

A

Ischaemic stroke - most common, blood clot stops blood supply
Haemorrhagic stroke - weakened blood vessel supplying the brain bursts

pe anatomy and physiology (5 decks)

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